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Introduction

Metcalf describes colonialism as the prate of domination of people relating to one territory over another people and their territory which as been done by the Europeans when they have expanded their trades and exchanges initially with the gold throughout the world. The French and the English were the main colonialists who were instrumental in policy making with the help of their government to find ways can have territorial power of the Europeans over the other. This was done by establishing separate colonies and cantonments in the foreign areas of trade where they had been trading (Gillmartin, 1994). The British colonialists have taken countries like India and China as a bowl of raw materials and a market for their finished goods in which the highest credit goes to the industrial revolution which as taken place in the European nations starting from France. The Europeans with the impacts of culture, religion, language, science and technology have even been instrumental in creating a greater market in these countries. In addition to that, the Europeans have never worked as separate entities when they are outside their domain and territories. For example, the government of Britain gave full support with their resources and military to the east India Company for their trades and later on to administer the country to make it a more suitable ground for trade and the drain of wealth into their home countries.

Influence of Science and the Industrial Revolution

New imperialism is a period of expansion by the European powers, United States, and Japan in the late 19th century. Things changed in the late 19the century when the Europeans started a more aggressive form of imperialism. This aggression has not been powered by physical advantages but science and technology which have been developed to a high level (Lang, 2009). Shashi Tharoor, an Indian parliamentarian has very well explained this phenomenon of drain of wealth by the conscious creation of countries as a market as well as the source of raw materials when he cites poverty and un British rule in India (Ziai, 2016), which claims that a tacit and conscious attempt by the British parliament with massive investment in industrial activities and science and technological progress which has made it possible for the British to conquer major parts of the Indian subcontinent, including present India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri lanka, Afghanistan, Thailand and related territories. In this new imperialism these new areas were covered under a more aggressive systematic policy. European countries took most of the rest of the world between the years 1870 to 1914 and ha formal political, economical and social control over their new territories (Lang, 2009). Thus science which helped them was not only limited to the science of guns and artillery, or industrial tools and machines, but it was the scientific development of political and social systems which also helped to have a greater say in these territories to only conquer them but to sustain their control over them. The industrial revolution created a need fort Europe to expand their colonies around the world. As an empire there weans always a push to conquer new territories to showcase their greatness, but this time a grater reason was there for conquer. The industrial revolution increased the capacity of production into the factories and a higher amount of investment of the people of Britain created a need to find immediate markets for better return and revenues.

The American civil war had created a shortage of cotton supply which has prompted the main purchaser of cotton which was the European countries to turn to Egypt for cotton. Additionally these colonies gave additional markets for their finished products and through this capitalist power they were able to put their army into the country to sustain their colonialism (Nicholas & Hollowel, 2016). Scientifically, the science of political systematic studies and other related researches, these countries have successfully banned the colonies from manufacturing own their own or to produce their own products. Even of a product is produced which is endemic to the colony, heavy taxes were to be paid to these colonial powers in order to stop and discourage them too produce and export the finished goods. If a new product is found which is produced only in colony, workers were sent to Europe to produce that good n a factor of Europe and the local factory is banned or heavily taxed.

Early Roots and land Issue

The roots of industrial movement are found in the early colonialism of Europeans in 1788 when massive clearing of land for mining and farming was initiated which led to major soil and biodiversity loss leading to extinction of many species and salinity problems of the land. These settlements also brought with it wed and pest infestation and reduced the local quality of the produce which has made the biodiversity bad in the local area. In the period of 1945-85, the farmers of Asia received financial support for sol conservation of the farms, and ere guided by the state government. Local government has form time to time provided and availed land care in the forms of various schemes and policies with various government programs like land care council which is an independent advisory body for soil conservation and natural resources management. The European government tried to integrate the policies and incentives with the investments with on ground work, R & D, and information sharing system. The national soil conservation program, the national land care program, the national heritage trust are some of the initiatives of the government in this area. In my opinion, Land is the most important commodity for the sustenance of a community along with human resource and water. And this is the reason why government has taken this ruining of the land so seriously in order to restore the land and this movement reached every citizen because the future of Asian lands depends on how the landholders, the industry, the government and individuals share the ownership and responsibility of the natural resources and management. The colonial government has been successful in providing the national leadership and coordination in the development of the long term strategies aimed at local production and development of land, promoting the social-economic framework to achieve these goals, funding adequate research and development and to aware the public and education and information system in the required areas and within the European education system so that the production programs may not face an additional ruining on the part of people. I have felt that the people of colonies and the government have on a serious note and with practical timeline, have strived to work for the restoration of old production system but failed as they could not stand against the powerful administrative and scientific procedures, machinery and tools.

The European revolution gave the European continent the capacity to take over so much of the world very quickly and with the help of increased intellectual and scientific powers. The westerners continued to sue their superior weapons and the powerful iron warships to not only prevent other nations to enter but also to control the existing colonies and their political powers with special references to lands in Asia and Africa (Hodge, 2000). This can be evident with the fact that Europe controlled 34 % of the land by 1800s and by 1914 this percentage increased to 84%. The western imperialism placed many of the non white people under the white privilege, to support and justify that colonialism, the white people named it the “Whiteman’s burden”.

Conclusion

It can be said that the European had the intellectual and political supremacy with their capitalistic form of market giving them more power to create money to push for more new and innovate industrial, commercial and weaponry tools so as to make it easy for the British and the French to ease their trades with the help of coercion and political and cultural influence. This is also true even today as the old colonial nature and innovative use of science, arts and culture is being used even today to make new markets by the companies, not only from Britain or USA but many nations as a they have seen developments through these scientific innovations in the procedures, tools and techniques. Thus the colonial power was not because of any aggression or aggressive fight policies of the Europeans but the result of development of science and various arts and into their procedures.

References

Gilmartin, D. (1994). Scientific empire and imperial science: colonialism and irrigation technology in the Indus Basin. the journal of Asian Studies, 53(4), 1127-1149.

Hodge, J. M. (2000). Development and science: British colonialism and the rise of the expert, 1895-1945. Queen's University.

Lange, M. (2009). Lineages of despotism and development: British colonialism and state power. University of Chicago Press.

Nicholas, G., & Hollowell, J. (2016). Ethical challenges to a postcolonial archaeology: The legacy of scientific colonialism. In Archaeology and Capitalism (pp. 59-82). Routledge.

Ziai, A. (2016). Development discourse and global history: From colonialism to the sustainable development goals (p. 252).

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