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Introduction

Autonomous cars are anticipated to greatly alter the transportation industry. The promise of autonomous cars rests largely on their potential to drastically cut down on traffic accidents. In this research, we use vector techniques and mathematical modelling to examine what factors may cause a collision between two autonomous cars.

Observation

Given Car B's beginning location with respect to Car A, find the set of uniform velocities for Car B that would cause a collision. The possibility of a head-on collision has to be looked at for at least three distinct speeds for Vehicle A.

Technology

Graphing calculators and computer software that can display vector fields and trajectories may be used to see the route travelled by the vehicles in the event of a collision. Since we know where each car is and how fast they're going, we can use the vector approach to predict when they'll collide. A hypothetical head-on collision between vehicles A and B may be simulated with the help of modern technology. Software like MATLAB and Python, or others that can conduct vector computations, may be used to carry out the simulation. The simulation may show where the automobiles will collide and what their velocities will be at that time. Analytical calculations may be validated with the help of the simulation, and new collision possibilities can be investigated.

Assumptions

We take it for granted that the cars can both locate and communicate with one another in order to exchange information about their speeds and locations. We also assume the cars have reliable motion detection and that there are no other circumstances, such as weather or roadblocks that may affect the collision.

To explore the conditions for a collision between Cars A and B, we can represent their positions and velocities using vector methods. Assume that Vehicle A's initial position is (0, 0) and its velocity is vA. Car B's initial position in relation to Car A is (x, y), and its velocity is vB.

To determine whether a collision will occur, the following formula might be utilized:

t collision = (position - position) dot (velocityA -velocityB) / |velocityA - velocityB|2

If the collision is positive, the collision will occur in the foreseeable future. Using the subsequent formula, we can then calculate the location of the collision.

collision position = position + velocity * t collision

We may also establish whether a collision at a right angle is conceivable by determining whether the two velocities are perpendicular to one another. If they are, then a collision at a straight angle is probable.

Let's examine this case for three different Vehicle A velocities:

Velocity A equals (10, 0)

If the velocity of Vehicle A is (10, 0), then the formula for t collision is:

t collision = (x-0, y-0) dot (10, -vBy) / |10, -vBy|2

Using simplification, we get:

t collision = (10x - yvB) / (100 + vB2)

t collision must be affirmative for a collision to take place. Hence, we have:

10x - yvB > 0

yvB < 10x

vB < 10x/y

This indicates that the velocity of Car B must be less than 10x/y for a collision to occur. If we want a collision at a straight angle, the dot product of the two velocities must equal zero:

10 * x + 0 * y = 0 * vBx + (10 - vBy) * vBx

Using simplification, we get:

vBx = 10 / (10 - vBy) (10 - vBy)

Thus, if Car B's velocity is (vBx, vBy) = (10 / (10 - vBy), vBy), there will be a collision at a right angle.

Velocity A equals (20, 0)

If the velocity of Vehicle A is (10, 0), then the formula for t collision is:

t collision = (x-0, y-0) dot (20, -vBy) / |20, -vBy|2

Using simplification, we get:

t collision = (20- yvB) / (400 + vB2)

t collision must be affirmative for a collision to take place. Hence, we have:

20x - yvB > 0

yvB < 20x

vB < 20x/y

This indicates that the velocity of Car B must be less than 10x/y for a collision to occur. If we want a collision at a straight angle, the dot product of the two velocities must equal zero:

20 * x + 0 * y = 0 * vBx + (20 - vBy) * vBx

Using simplification, we get:

vBx = 20 / (20 - vBy) (20 - vBy)

Thus, if Car B's velocity is (vBx, vBy) = (20 / (20 - vBy), vBy), there will be a collision at a right angle.

Velocity A equals (30, 0)

If the velocity of Vehicle A is (30, 0), then the formula for t collision is:

t collision = (x-0, y-0) dot (30, -vBy) / |900, -vBy|2

Using simplification, we get:

t collision = (30x - yvB) / (900 + vB2)

t collision must be affirmative for a collision to take place. Hence, we have:

30x - yvB > 0

yvB < 30x

vB < 30x/y

This indicates that the velocity of Car B must be less than 10x/y for a collision to occur. If we want a collision at a straight angle, the dot product of the two velocities must equal zero:

30 * x + 0 * y = 0 * vBx + (30 - vBy) * vBx

Using simplification, we get:

vBx = 30 / (30 - vBy) (30 - vBy)

Thus, if Car B's velocity is (vBx, vBy) = (30 / (30 - vBy), vBy), there will be a collision at a right angle.

Evaluation

The analysis shows that if the paths of two autonomous cars cross at some time in the future, a collision is probable. Right-angle collisions have stricter requirements, such as the cars' speeds having to be perpendicular to one another. We found the timing and place of the collision by calculating the cars' locations and velocities using vector algorithms.

Car A speed = 10 m/s

Suppose that Car B's initial location relative to Car A is (20, 0) meters. To determine the time required for Car B to reach the same location as Car A, the following equation can be used:

time = distance/velocity

distance = sqrt((20 - x)^2 + y^2) = sqrt(400 + y^2)

time is sqrt(400 + y2)/speed

With the assumption that Car B is approaching Car A at a speed of 10 m/s, the time required for Car B to reach the same location as Car A is:

time = sqrt(400 + y^2) / 10

Let's determine how long it takes Vehicle A to pass through the given spot (20, 0). Currently, simply:

time = 20 / 10 = 2 seconds

Hence, for a collision to occur, Vehicle B must reach the position (20, 0) in less than or equal to 2 seconds. Hence, we have the following inequality:

sqrt(400 + y^2) / 10 <= 2

Solving for y, we get:

y <= sqrt (300)

Hence, a collision will occur if Car B is initially positioned at (20, y) and y is less than or equal to sqrt(300). Observe that a collision at a straight angle is not conceivable given that Car B will collide with Car A from the side.

Car A speed = 20 m/s

Suppose that Car B's initial location relative to Car A is (30, 0) metres. Using the same procedure as before, we can determine how long it will take Car B to reach the same location as Car A:

time = sqrt(100 + y^2) / 20

time = sqrt(100 + y^2) / 20

How long does it take Vehicle A to pass via the point (30, 0)?

time = 30 / 20 = 1.5 seconds

For a collision to occur, Vehicle B must reach the intersection (30, 0) in less than or equal to 1.5 seconds. Hence, we have the following inequality:

sqrt(100 + y^2) / 20 <= 1.5

Solving for y, we get:

y <= sqrt (350)

Hence, a collision will occur if Car B is initially positioned at (30, y) and y is less than or equal to sqrt(350). In this situation, a right-angle collision is probable if Vehicle B is approaching Car A at 15 m/s. This is because Vehicle B will drive 15 metres in the same amount of time.

Strengths

The investigation's strong points include the mathematical method it employs to analyse potential accident situations involving autonomous cars. In a broad variety of situations, vector techniques may be used to accurately determine where vehicles are and how fast they are moving.

Limitations

The study is limited in that it relies on hypothetical situations without the influence of external elements like weather, road conditions, or human error, all of which may increase or decrease the risk of an accident. The possible outcomes of an accident, such as damage to the cars or injuries to passengers, are also not taken into account in the inquiry.

Improvements

More complicated situations, such as those involving numerous vehicles or non-uniform velocities, might be included in future research, and probabilistic models could be used to account for uncertainty and unpredictability in the data. The results of an inquiry might include a discussion of the collision's possible repercussions and suggested solutions to those repercussions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study highlights the promise of using mathematical modeling and vector approaches in the examination of autonomous car accident situations. The study isn't without its flaws, but it does provide the groundwork for more exploration into the topic of autonomous cars and crash prevention technology. If self-driving car technology keeps improving, maybe one day there may be no traffic accidents at all. The inquiry shed light on the factors that contributed to the accidents as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the method used. The study's findings may aid in the creation of collision-avoidance algorithms for driverless cars, as well as guide future studies.

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