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Introduction

Hacking is essential knowledge in any area. Hackers are divided into working and knowledgeable categories. White hat hackers are moral hackers. Ethical hackers use hacking techniques to provide security. The law allows for approved hacking by individuals. A broad range of tools are used during hacking [2]. The most common method of hacking is phishing. People need to learn ethical hacking precepts in to safeguard themselves since the number of instances is rising quickly. Computer system as well as data protection is cyber security. mainly concerns the coordination of people, procedures, as well as innovations to encompass the entire spectrum of spell casters, cumulation reduction, dissuasion, global engagement, information security, resiliency, as well as recovery guidelines and procedures, such as government computer processes, information security, police departments, etc. Cybersecurity is the defence against cyberattacks of internet-connected systems, such as their hardware, software, as well as data. It contains the words "security" and "cyber," respectively [1]. Technology that contains networks, systems, projects, and data is referred to as "cyber." Unlike security, which is concerned with protection and includes data security, cybersecurity, as well as security testing.

Therefore, ethical hacking is an evaluation to look for potential weak points in an environment involving information technology. Hacking a system in an honest fashion and with great intent is referred to as ethical hacking. This paper discusses in detail the cyber security as well as what penetration testing is, what it intends to accomplish, an ethical hacking technique, as well as some tools that could be used for a morally acceptable hack.

Stages Of Ethical Hacking

5 phases of Ethical Hacking

1. Reconnaissance.

2. Scanning.

3. Gaining Access.

4. Marinating Access.

5. Clearing Tracks.

Reconnaissance: In the early stages of ethical hacking, collection of information and familiarization with the target systems take place. Footprint, Searching, as well as enumeration are some of the processes and procedures that used during reconnaissance to surreptitiously learn regarding and collect information on a target system. Regarding the 7 steps outlined following table, an ethical hacker conducts reconnaissance to learn as much as they can about a target network [1].

assemble the first data.
Find the network's coverage area.
Decide which machines are on.
Find out what connections and ports are open.
The operating system bears a fingerprint.
Discover the ports' assistance.
Create a network chart.

Active and Passive Reconnaissance: Users will communicate with the computer network directly during this process to gather information. This data may be accurate and pertinent. However, if users intend to conduct active reconnaissance without authorization, there is a chance that you will be discovered. In the event that are dumped, the system administrator may take action against and monitor one’s subsequent actions. One will not be directly linked to a computer system during passive reconnaissance. Without ever conversing with the target computer, this method is employed to gather crucial data [3].

Through the scanning process, it is possible to identify live hosts, and ports, as well as assistance, gain knowledge the operating system as well as architectural design of the target computer, and identify threats and vulnerabilities within the network. Network scanning is used to characterize the organization. Scanning is the process of collecting additional data using aggressive reconnaissance techniques [4].

Gaining Access: To enter the target, the assailant would use a vulnerability. Generally, this entails seizing control with one or maybe more connected devices in order to access the target's information or using that gadget to launch an attack against another target.

Maintaining Access: After gaining entry, an attacker must do so long enough to collect as much information as potential or to give himself the opportunity to return later. The assailant must remain covert in order to avoid being discovered that use the host climate while trying to maintain direct exposure for a longer period [3].

Penetration Testing

Penetration testing, also called as pen testing as well as ethical hacking, is the process of looking for security flaws in a computer system, connection, or web app that a potential attacker could use against it. Software programs can computerize penetration testing, or it can be done manually. In either case, the procedure entails learning as much as possible about the intended target prior to the test, locating potential entry points, making an attempt at breaking in—either nearly or physically—and relaying the results. Finding security flaws is one of penetration testing's primary goals. The security policy of the organization, its staff, as well as its employees are all subject to the testing process. Awareness of security issues and a group's capacity to spot and address security events [2].

Purpose Of Penetration Testing

A pen test's main objective is to find weak points in a group's nation's security, quantify how effectively its security protocol is being followed, gauge staff consciousness of security problems, and establish whether and how the institution would be vulnerable to security catastrophes. A firm's policies regarding stopping and fleeing attacks on its systems may not contain a procedure for expelling hackers, which can be revealed by a penetration test. A crucial component of today's security vulnerabilities management programs is penetration testing. Advanced industrial hackers are attempting to breach networks of corporate identity, as well as any corporation, with quickly identified and utilized security flaw [4].

Conclusion

A penetration test, which simulates the actions of a cybercriminal, will identify the critical security flaws in the systems, the way they were abused, and the steps required to correct them. Pen testing comes in a variety of forms, each with a unique viewpoint and set of goals. so, it's critical to comprehend the distinctions so you can choose the kind of test that best suits your needs. Although there are many sub-categories as well as different versions, there are usually four primary categories that can be used to classify the various penetration test types.

Test of External Network Penetration
Most individuals commonly envision a remote access vulnerability scan when discussing pen testing.
An ethical hacker attempts to break into a company's network via the internet during an exterior pen test. This indicates that it is carried out in remote locations (off-site, as an attacker would), utilizing governed ethical hacking methods to faithfully mimic a deliberate attack from bad actors on the network.

References

[1] Jon Erickson, 2018, "Hacking: The Art of Exploitation”, 2nd Edition, No Starch Press Inc., ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-144-2, ISBN-10: 1- 59327-144-1

[2] David Kennedy, Jim O’Gorman, Devon Kearns and Mati Aharoni, 2015, “Metasploit: The Penetration Tester’s Guide”, 1st Edition, No Starch Press Inc., ISBN-13: 978-1593272883, ISBN-10: 59327288X

[3] Ankit Fadia, 2015, “The Ethical Hacking: Guide to Corporate Security”,1st Edition, ISBN: 989-615-004-4

[4] Tom Wulf, 2013, “Teaching Ethics in Undergraduate Network”, Consortium for Computing Sciences in College, Vol 19 Issue 1, 2-3.

[5] Syed A. Saleem, 2016, “Ethical Hacking as a risk management technique”, USA, New York, ACM, 201-203

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