Conflation of Refugee, Asylum Seeker, and Migrant Assessment Answer

Introduction

There are several ways that geography studies migration. Whilst also push as well as pull variables in migration were traditionally researched by geographers, such a methodology was criticized for its dependence on quantitative techniques and its concentrate on financial variables. Thus, new methods for studying migration in geographic location have included qualitative methods and put a special emphasis on migrant modes of thought and affiliations. The terms transnationalism as well as translocalism, as well as scales of connectedness that variety from naturalization to the residence, have all contributed to new theoretical approaches of the connection among mobility as well as belonging. The nation-role state's in controlling flow of migrants as well as migrants, as well as in handling and policing boundaries, illustrates its continuing significance, despite assurances that the nation-state is being destroyed by globalization. Comparable to this, current findings on cities and metropolitan areas has brought focus to the possible centrality of location to the ongoing research project of migration.

Geography and Migration

Geographers who study migration have recently developed a greater interest in the personal observations of personal migrants as well as how some these experiences form migrant personalities. This reflects a wider focus on individuality inside of geography that includes issues of gender, racial group, ethnicity, class, as well as sexuality (Anthias, 2011) as well as more conventional concepts of multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism (Calhoun, 2013). This shift in emphasis has been greatly influenced by the growth of feminist geographic location and the associated growth of methodology to geographical location. Geographic location research findings of migration have progressively used a variety of qualitative research methods, such as ethnography, in-depth discussions, biographical reaches, as well as observations. Feminist methods for studying migration emerged in a number of disciplines beginning in the 1980s. The existence of migrant women in the labor force was specifically discussed in a special issue of Migration Policy Report commissioned in 1984, notwithstanding the fact that one‘s job "is badly evaluated by the government statistics and is not always identified as an economic growth at all" (Crenshaw, 2014). Household chores, petty exchange of goods, work at home, as well as prostitution were all listed by Morokvasic as illustrations of jobs that weren't counted or taken into account. Thereby, the focus of the special issue was on the ongoing battle to increase the visibility of women in the field of cross - cultural research. The current works to revaluate the thoughts and feelings of skilful female migrants are indeed an instance of this. Kofman noted in 2000 that experiments of skilled immigrants to Europe did not include skilled female migrants, and more lately, Hall (2013), has brought interest to the neglect of female migrants employed in sectors with a male preponderance. The advancement of a more subtle conception of gender as communally produced instead of biologically derived went hand in hand with efforts to make women noticeable in management research. Similar to how gender can change its meaning and undergo migration, so can other facets of identity like race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. The St. Patrick's Day March in New York, in which latest gay and lesbian immigrants from Ireland have indeed been rejected permission to march in the rally, serves as an example of this. The rally organizers are troubled by their open display of sexuality because they view it as a threat to their conception of Irish individuality (Kofman, 2015). Thus, advancements in feminist strategies allowed for geographic studies into the social (re)production of such varies worldwide within as well as through migration.

The Politics and Practice of Belonging

Geographers can ground the connection among migration as well as identity using the idea of connectedness. It also reveals its own problems, especially when barriers are built, borders are controlled, and exclusion is practiced. Geographers, absolutely important geographers, had also made a point of highlighting the ways that exclusionary procedures be using the vessels of migrants on a variety of scales. Geologists have drawn attention to the various closely connected strategies adopted by migrants, especially the "topographies of residence as well as homemaking" McCall, (2011) that define the concept of home inside a web of tangible and symbolic ties. The way that immigrants now become target of exclusivist political culture is a constant motif in this reference. In a strong and captivating account of just how racism developed, Nussbaum (2012), demonstrates how, during periods of substantial shift, the indigenous citizenry's fears, insecurities, confusion, as well as frustration are often stored in the form of immigrants. Among the tools of discrimination and inclusion that states use to deal with the alleged threat posed by portable migrants seems to be citizenship. According to Pieterse (2014), "citizens necessitate the creation of others in order to be feasible, as well as the law of the term citizen conveys around the noncitizen or the darkness citizen" (Rattansi and Phoenix, 2017). There are numerous instances of the enigmatic "non-citizen" or "not-quite-citizen," including "foreign nationals" in Switzerland, (Wimmer and Glick Schiller 2012), immigrants throughout post-apartheid Southern Africa (Clifford, 2014), Arab immigrants as well as Americans of Arab descent inside the USA, as well as Turkish immigrants in Geography.In these situations, citizenship serves as a sign of belonging and a means of redefining nationhood by excluding noncitizens (Beck, 2012). Exclusion techniques vary. Ireland gives a clear illustration of how citizenship can be used as an indicator of exclusion. In reaction to the perceived threat posed by so-called "naturalization tourists," or expectant mothers who travelled to Ireland to give birth to one‘s children, the foundation of naturalization there was altered in 2004.Those certain, perhaps less blatant instances also serve to distinguish between both the citizen as well asthe less-than citizen. State reactions to the issue of belonging show the nation-continued state's authority and influence, denied allegations that it has vanished as a result of globalization. Whilst also transnational wealth may have gained traction on states, migrant body systems still serve as an important site for the expression of national character. Furthermore, to enforcing physical and legal borders and establishing hierarchical structures of immigrants with varying rights and benefits, nations also participate in citizenship in its legal as well as symbolic forms.

Conclusion

Geography's investigation of migration tends to take many shapes and goes in many different directions. Those very heterogeneity inside its study is necessary because of the complexities of migration as well as its shifting form in modern society (Yuval-Davis et al., 2015). The measurement of migration, migration modelling, categorization of migrants, population structure of migrants, ethnocultural residential intensity, and migrant transfer payments are prominent research areas. This essay, nevertheless, concentrates on the expansion of a specific area of study that examines the connection among migration, identity, as well as belonging. Migration, individuality, and belonging are all interconnected across space and time. Geographers' task is to examine how this connection changes and shifts across a range of mutually inclusive scales.

References

Anthias, F. (2011) ‘New Hybridities, Old Concepts: the limits of culture’, Ethnic and

Racial Studies, 24 (4), pp.617-641

Beck, U. (2012) ‘The Cosmopolitan Society and Its Enemies’, Theory, Culture and

Society, Vol. 19, No. 1-2, pp.17-44

Calhoun, C. (2013) ‘Class consciousness of frequent travellers’: towards a critique of

actually existing cosmopolitanism’, South Atlantic Quarterly 101(4), pp.869-97

Clifford, J. (2014) ‘Diasporas’, Cultural Anthropology 9, Summer, pp.302-338

Crenshaw, K. (2014) ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and

Violence Against Women of Color’, in Fineman, M.A. and Mykitiuk, R. (eds.), The

Public Nature of Private Violence, (London Routledge) pp.93-118.

Hall, S. (2013) 'Cultural Identity and Diaspora' in Rutherford, J. (ed.), Identity:

Community, Culture, Difference, (London: Lawrence and Wishart)

Kofman, E. (2015) ‘Figures of the cosmopolitan’, Innovation: The European Journal

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McCall, L. (2011) Complex Inequality: Gender, Class and Race in the New Economy,

(New York: Routledge)

Nussbaum, M. (2012) ‘For love of country: Debating the limits of patriotism’, The

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Pieterse, J. N. (2014) ‘Globalisation as hybridisation’, International Sociology, Vol. 9,

No.2, p.161-184

Rattansi, A. and Phoenix, A. (2017) ‘Rethinking Youth Identities: modernist and

postmodernist frameworks’, in Bynner, J., Chisholm, L. and Furlong, A. (eds.) Youth

Citizenship and Social Change in European Contexts, (Ashgate: Aldershot)

Wimmer, A. and Glick Schiller, N. (2012) ‘Methodological nationalism and beyond:

nation sate building, migratiom and the social sciences’, Global Networks, 2, 4, pp.301-

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Yuval-Davis, N., Anthias, F. and Kofman, E. (2015) ‘Secure borders and safe haven

and the gendered politics of belonging: beyond social cohesion’ Ethnic and Racial

Studies, 28(3), May, pp.513–535

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