Download Free Sample
Order New Solution
Over the last few decades, the expansion of the global gold industry has hugely impacted the economy. Informal artisanal and small-scale gold mining is also shaping their paths to the brighter side. Southeast Asia and America are the two leading continents to rule this industry for a long time. This industry is the pivotal point of their economic growth and expansion. Their geological diversity, economic picture, and culture are unique to other nations. making them the leaders of the world in this gold industry. They control market rates and trends through their innovative and modernized methods. Southeast Asia, blessed with rich mineral deposits, is a significant player in this global industry. Countries like Indonesia, the Philippines, and Myanmar have large-scale production mechanisms and skilled artisans. The region’s prosperity solely depends on these traditional practices. On the other hand, America’s gold industry has always been historically rich. California and Nevada became the powerhouses of mining in the 19th century. Since then, with the advancement of modern innovations and technologies, production operations have grown significantly over time.
The research background contrasts the economic, cultural, and historical diversities of the gold industries in Southeast Asia and America. The availability of minerals in Southeast Asia is a blessing in disguise. It has been the main focus of gold exploration and extraction for years (Shaler, 2020). The social development happened to the native community due to the mining industries having become the pivot of framing the cultural expansion of nations like Indonesia, the Philippines and Myanmar. In America, the gold industry reached its peak during the 19th century, the gold rush era. States like California transformed the landscape and socio-economic structure immediately, and the area based around the region progressed at a rapid rate. Thousands of immigrants went to get quick wealth. The native people suffered more during this phase (Verbrugge and Geenen, 2019). The ancestral properties of the native peoples are forced upon them by the immigrants. Besides being a blessing, the gold rush era is also a black time for the injustices done to the natives. The corporate sector invested hugely and brought technological innovations, leading to the rapid growth of the gold industry in the USA. The global market and trading were influenced greatly after that. The cultural diversity adds texture to our research. Southeast Asia’s gold practices are rooted in traditions, creating a unique status between communities and gold (Lum, 2019). In America, gold became a symbol of societal acceptance of the rich. This research will study and contrast the rich cultures, innovations, and developments around the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America.
The gold industries in Southeast Asia and America faced many challenges. Their strong historical legacies, economic variations, and rich cultural superiority have been the keys to their success in the gold industry. A thorough study is carried out to understand the complexities this industry faces that can affect its sustainable growth. Southeast Asia's gold mining history can be stated as a combination of customary artisanal methods and broken industrial aims. The change from the old traditional method to new technological advancements has caused several nuisances to the environment, and the traditional practitioners suffered a huge setback (Makrides et al . 2020). It is not easy for traditionalists to keep up with fast-paced industrial technologies and modern, sustainable standards. On the other hand, in the United States, the historical blessing of the gold rush era has rooted a strong base for an industrialized gold industry. But there are drawbacks to this historical base as well. For example, legacy mining sites pose a significant environmental risk and need significant remedial work to safeguard the ecological imbalance. Transitioning from traditional mining methods to modern ones is a continuous problem that affects the sustainability of the environment. Modern technologies are used to minimize social damage (Wang et al., 2022).
The informal nature of mining practices has several challenges, like worker safety, fair wages, and the regulatory laws of international labour standards. Some areas depend on gold for economic growth, resulting in market fluctuations. The economic disparities within Southeast Asia’s gold industry are very prominent. The industries must look after the traditional ones and provide them with employment and fair rewards. They have a dual nature (Li and Chen, 2017). In America, the large-scale gold production industries often contribute to the country's economy, but sometimes native communities are deprived (Nguyen, 2021). The balance between economic and local development is a long-term challenge, awakening the need for sustainable and inclusive methods. Environmental concerns are inevitable near the places where gold mining occurs. Notable results include deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution, which endanger biodiversity and have an impact on regional ecosystems. It is tough to strike the right balance between environmental preservation and the financial advantages of mining.
America is a technologically advanced country (Soe et al., 2022). Modern innovations in this gold sector are the reason they are one of the leading producers of gold. But there are environmental consequences. Degradation of water and land due to negligence at legacy mining sites results in inadequate recovery. The difficulty is in promoting sustainable use of resources. This can reduce the harmful effects of both past and present mining activities. Cultural preservation is a constant struggle since conventional mining methods can disrupt local customs and identities. The development of cutting-edge, contemporary methods might result in several environmental risks (Pang et al. 2022). The new technology may upset the fragile equilibrium between modern innovations and tradition, which might destroy cultural possessions. While America's gold industry is more industrialised than Southeast Asia in the context of Native American lands, a dilemma of cultural heritage preservation presents itself. A careful balance between economic interests and cultural preservation is required since mining operations can potentially disturb traditions and advance areas of concern (Verbrugge and Geenen, 2019).
The research aims to dive into these challenges, understanding the various factors influencing the growth and sustainability of the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America. The research objectives are:
The research question are:
The research is all about shedding light on the differences between the gold mines of Southeast Asia and America. Understanding the various factors affecting gold industries in these regions is very important for the global economy. Gold is one of the essential materials in international trade. The awareness gained from this research can influence market strategies, international trade relations, and investment ideas (Li et al., 2020). The study addressed the economic and environmental barriers that contribute to the idea of a sustainable and responsible global gold sector. Finding ecologically acceptable procedures and legal frameworks is crucial, as long as there is a need for gold (Soe et al., 2022). By putting sustainable solutions into practice, mining operations may have a less negative environmental impact and ensure that these priceless resources are handled properly for future generations. The socio-economic development of Southeast Asia is directly impacted by examining economic imbalances within the gold industry (Kranz et al., 2020).
Not only is it crucial for the affected populations, but keeping cultural identities and traditions also promotes unity in society (Praveena and Aris, 2021). The study can help create a more peaceful relationship between mining operations and local traditions by providing suggestions on how to maintain a balance between economic growth and cultural preservation. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on global mining practices by providing detailed facts about the gold industries of Southeast Asia and America (Shaler, 2020). Academic institutions, researchers, and academics can further understand the intricate relationships between historical, economic, and cultural issues regarding resource extraction. Policymakers and industry stakeholders may establish inclusive policies that support fair labour practices, the growth of communities, and fair income distribution by using the research's recommendations.
This research on the gold industries in Southeast Asia and America is vital for global economic dynamics, sustainable resource management, socioeconomic development, cultural preservation, and effective policy design. The results hope to promote a more responsible and ethical global approach to the gold industry sector. This research examines how the gold trade operates differently in Southeast Asia and America. It centers on money, culture and nature problems. It handles issues such as moving from old mining methods to new ones, unfair money matters and damage on the environment. The research is focused on discovering environmental issues, reviewing mining regulations and examining its impact on jobs, health and culture. The study aims to assist in discovering how we can use modern tech and funds smartly for the long run. It is important to change world trade connections, help old customs live on and give careful rules for digging. This ensures we treat economy and environment fairly.
Gold industry is an important sector of the global economy. It plays a considerable role in shaping various countries landscape expansion. The informal artisanal and the small-scale gold production is gradually improving with the introduction of modern innovations to make their work easy. These innovations also have an intention of safeguarding or minimizing the damage done to the environmental ecology. The native community often get affected with several problems. This is a natural negative feedback that the nearby area of the gold mining region’s gets affected in some way. Over the decades, the Southeast Asia and the America are ruling this gold industry. Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam have large-scale production mechanisms and skilled artisans. They are blessed with geological advantages and rich practice of gold mines from ages. The artisans feels as if this gold extraction is their heritage and like their fore runners they will continue developing skills with time to give a competition to the fast growing corporate gold industries. On the other hand, the USA was blessed in the 19th century. This century is known as the gold rush era. California is immensely benefited. Several other barriers were involved beside this gold rush blessing. The native community suffered a lot during this transitional phase. In this comparative analysis of the gold industries of Southeast Asia and the America, we will minutely gather all the necessary details and closely investigate the various issues and develop new ideas. The main aim is to provide with a study that will help the policy framer as well as the Gold industries. In order to maintain a sustainable development of this industries and the local community, along with the idea of maintaining an environmental balance, this review is going to add something notable for the industry.
Southeast Asia has a rich history of gold industry. The practice of mining is done from ages. It is a combination of customary artisanal methods and corporate industrial aim. The Southeast Asia has a good geological condition. The presence of adequate amount of mineral resources had made the area ideal for mining. This is a great advantage that made them suitable for mining from a very long time (Timsina et al., 2022). This industry played a pivotal role of their economic growth and expansion. This region has so many artisans. They are doing mining as a work of their fore runners. It has been a family tradition. The growth of the corporate industry gave the traditional labours a competition. The native skilled artisans suffered some set back. But it is the responsibility of the corporate industry to develop the region around them. When there is a multinational organization in an area, automatically the region around then will prosper. The native artisans should get training of the modern equipment and innovations used by the organizations and later can have an employment. The region around will automatically prosper. The traditional artisans can get relief if the corporate industries look after them. On the other hand, The America is bestowed with the gold rush era at the 19th century.
The nation’s economic foundation slowly rooted to the success and development of the gold industries. There was a trend during the rush era, where people from other continent and regions came to the California gold rush in order to acquire quick wealth. The natives suffered a lot. They were forced out of their ancestral properties by the immigrants. The natives faced genocidal violence from them. With an organized armed resistance, the natives dealt in the situation. They had to adapt themselves peacefully on their home soil due to the infringement of the immigrants (Ahad et al., 2021). The natives were under pressure of the colonial rule imposed on them by the immigrants. The native labours worked hard and mined the profit to the immigrants by force. People of California will never forget the injustice happened to them during this era. California got shaped on the base of gold industry.
The capitalists invested huge amount of money in innovations and setting up of mining industries all over the benefited places. The industries grew with time and the market of this gold sector began to rise and fall depending on the supply chain of America. The regulatory framework of America thinking about the growth of the industries, they try to protect native lands and traditional artisans. The natives suffered so much during the California rush era, like their growth was hampered widely (Ahad et al., 2021). The labours never got a way out of the poverty. Hence the government takes responsibility in passing laws and policies to safeguard the suffered native peoples and the traditional artisans of that era. The laws also try to protect the ecological balance of the environment. History has witnessed that the region surrounding the mining areas suffers with many environmental hazards. The soil gets infertile which often results in soil erosion. The mercury emission at the time of mining contaminant the water bodies. The aquatic life also suffers a lot. The health of the workers in a mining industry should never be compromised. The American government knows the importance of gold sector for their country’s economic growth and hence made policies to take utmost care of maintaining a sustainable industrial growth as well as native growth.
The main challenge of sustainable development is to maintain a proper balance between depletion of resources and environmental impact on the society. Mining has considerable impact to the environment and human health due to the emission of harmful chemicals like arsenic and cyanide that affects the water bodies, mining related excavation and vegetation removal (Chen et al . 2018). But mining provides the raw material supporting the society with essential fundamental commodities like water and energy supply (Owolabi et al. 2022). Hence the negative and positive sides of mining should be balanced with a aim of turning the mining industry into capital axis along with social improvements. This industry is responsible for a country’s GDP growth and plays a crucial role in sustainable economic development. With the growing demand of sustainable world, to keep up with the advancement and pacey world, the world economic sector is planning to make the gold industry sustainable by 2050. There are some factors like biodiversity, climatic changes and water bodies on which the international council of mining focuses on. There should always be a change according to the necessity on issues like water, climatic change and energy consumption (Gorman and Dzombak, 2018).
The gold is extracted by the reaction of oxygen and Sulphur under high pressure. The temperature is increased to escalate the pressure. When the reaction begins, new sludge is loaded into autoclave, and oxidized slurry is released into the next step of the cycle. The oxidized sludge then is treated to carbon filter circuit on large scale. This breaks up the gold out of rocks. This is the basic process of extraction of gold from the rocks. Some popular method of gold extraction are Cyanidation gold extraction, Floatation gold extraction process, gravity separation Gold extraction process and Mercury amalgamation gold extraction process (Chen et al., 2023). The use of cyanide is the main process of extraction of gold for over a century (Sitando et al . 2020). The total capacity of extraction and its storage is more than 100 million tons approx. (Dong et al. 2021). The residual of this process is highly toxic for the environment. The residual landfills of these cyanide oriented extraction process are often harmful and destroy the water bodies which can lead to water pollution and thus disturbing the ecological balance of the society on a large scale. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia stands out as major gold producer with a significant share of the global profit. Other countries like Vietnam and the Philippines, also contributes to this industry. The region’s gold reserves and production are highly modernized. On the other side, the USA has been a major gold producer, particularly from the states like California, Nevada and Alaska. The exploration and extraction technologies have continuously evolved with time impacting the nation’s economy and global gold production.
Now a days, world is running at a pace in every sector of the society. There is huge competition in all sections. To keep up with this fast paced society, technological advancement and modernization is the key to succeed in any sector. The gold industry is a sector of huge economical signifance that reflects a nation’s GDP as well as social upgradation. The two giants in these sectors are the Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines and USA. States like California was blessed with the gold rush in the 19th century (Orchiston, and Vahia, 2021). The area around California developed with time immensely with the development of big corporate industries. Following the foothills of California, states like Nevada and Alaska also joined the race. The narrow Panama Canal is a great connectivity to California. During the gold rush era, the Immigrants used mainly this path to enter California and loot the wealth or to get rich quickly. In that process they have misused and tortured the natives. There always has been a dual nature of contradiction between the new sectors and the small scaled skilled artisans as it was difficult for them to survive the market with their old traditional techniques.
The developing countries are not very far away from turning themselves into a developed nation. Hence in this fast paced world, the technological and modern innovations are the only key to survive in the market. The Southeast Asia is blessed with a very good geographic advantage. The availability of natural resources helped the conditions for good mining. We can consider Indonesia as the gold hub of the world like California and the Alaska. Gold is often symbolized as wealth after the gold rush era of the California (Meyer, 2023). The gold extraction of southeast Asia is considered as the oldest practice of their region. So people are highly skillful and this is carried forward to their fore runners. Similarly America started to build their kingdom in this field after 19th century. We know America has the highest GDP compared to other nations.
The gold industry is one of the prime reasons for their GDP miracle. So the Americans never adjust a penny when it comes to their gold sector. They are technologically so advanced and has a constant aim of improving with time safeguarding the environmental losses and barriers. To attain a long term sustainability for both the industry and the native community or the lifestyles of the society, the governing bodies frames flexible laws and guidelines (Chen et al. 2021). The old artisans are trained with the modern inventions and are given employment. They look after the health issues and fair wages of the labour. All this norms are framed legally so as to safeguard common public interest. The technologies also deals with reduction of gases and harmful chemicals like cyanides and arsenic that destroys the water bodies and affects the biological diversity of the environment. The gold industries of the Southeast Asia and America is leading the world’s market, we can conclude that their technological innovations are giving them the edge over the other competitors in the market. The only goal they have to focus in is to reduce the environmental harm so that a sustainable balance for a long term is maintained.
Gold Industry is that sector of the society where huge investments are made. This industry can change a geography and culture of a nation. For any metallic extraction, damage to the environment is a natural negative feedback that inevitable. Similarly the gold industry also has several threats to the society. The extraction process is associated with production of extreme amount of heat energy. This result in the atmospheric temperature rise in the region’s near to the mining industries. This is a serious threat to the environment as in the long run this rise in temperature can lead to global warming. The harmful emission of arsenic and cyanide is also a matter of concern (Mohd Nizam et al. 2023). The ecological balance of the environment is greatly affected for this reason. The water bodies are contaminated resulting in death of aquatic lives. Hence the food cycle is hampered. Other species and in a small area, the prime source of income of those places are agriculture. Water bodies are also equally important. Land excavation and deforestations for the mining purposes often leads to soil erosion. The soil gets infertile making it unfit for any kind of cultivation.
The sources of food are hampered. These basic drawbacks of gold industries can be minimized by the introduction of modern innovations and through loss protection regulatory acts of the governing officials. During the gold rush era or the California rush era, the immigrants from different continents came to California and the natives were brutalized by them. The corporate industries invested huge money for their setup. The local communities felt a colonial rule over them as they are deprived of the natural wealth. In return the external intruders made them work for extraction at unfair wages (Lwin et al. 2023). The outsiders by the help of the natives became rich while the natives kept suffering unless the American government took serious concern about and ended the colonial dominance in that area. For the protection of health and lifestyle modification of the natives, several laws are implemented. This took them out of the black hole they were in for a century.
The Southeast Asian Countries on the other hand is blessed with natural resources. So there was always that traditional skilled artisans or the gold miners when trained with the modern technologies by the corporate body with their skills were ideal fit for their gold industries. There were issues with their health safety as the harmful emissions are very bad for lungs. The labour who works in mines often has a short life expectancy. The Arsenic and cyanide along with Mercury is deadly for lungs (Kumarasamy et al., 2023). To safeguard fair wages and health policies, laws were made along with the introduction of the modern innovative technologies that lessens the impact. More innovations and developments for long tern sustainable growth is always expected in the near future.
The regulatory structure of the gold industry is a complex structure that involves the national, international and the native regulation. Several factors are considered while framing the regulatory structure for the gold industries. They aim at regulating aspects like exploration, extraction, processing and trade. At the international level the gold mining is influenced by agreements and conventions that address issues like environmental sustainability, human rights and right trade. The Southeast Asia and USA’s gold mining industries regulate the market price globally (Iliodromiti et al., 2023). If the production and the market’s supply chain is delayed or is in scarcity for any reason, the market is sure to go down. Such is the power of these two giants of gold producing continents.
The regulatory body frames separate laws to keep their gold mining industry updated and flexible according to the changes needed. The policy makers have several policies for the workers. The impact of health on the workers is subsided properly, fair wages and insurance of their health. In a gold industry, the workers are often anticipated with lung problems. So the law workers have an insurance policy for their workers as well as for their families. The gold industries pose many environmental threats to the society. To minimize the problems like, global warming, soil erosion, deforestation, arsenic and cyanide emissions, the body framed several laws and brought many innovations (Cameron, 2023). The law’s sole purpose is to maintain a sustainable growth of the industry, balance between the industry and the ecological factors and workers related to the industry. The trading and investment sector is also regulated by the government policy framer. The Policies acts internationally, nationally and for the local bodies.
In the fast paced world, the gold market is still under the control of Southeast Asia and the America. The amount of extraction and market launches of this sector regulates the market rate of gold. The traders keep an eye on the markets of USA and countries like Indonesia and Vietnam. The market dynamics and economic impact is complex, influenced by a wide range of factors ranging from global market trends to local economic situations (Lim et al. 2023). This section will examine the importance of the gold industry in both Southeast Asia and the United States dealing into the complicated interplay of this process. Global factors such as economic stability, geopolitical development and investor have a huge impact on gold market. Gold is always considered as a safe asset which drives up demand during times of economic turmoil (Sujata and Nandkumar, 2021). The interest rates, currency fluctuation and inflammation all have a huge impact on gold prices. Hence the global gold market is dynamic in nature with different variables.
The small scaled artisans have not yet lost the value in the market. They keep practicing and they can benefit their livelihoods from their independent work. A nation’s economic fluctuation can affect the gold industry. The production and the consumers balance need to be in an equilibrium state to have market profit. During the inflammation period, the prices go down. The consumers invest wealth when the market gets down. The reason for this is to make huge profits when the market will rise (Peramaiyan et al. 2022). The jewellery markets of Indonesia, Vietnam and California influence the miners. Similarly in nearby places where mining is done, the idea of Jewellery business is a good idea. USA’s economy greatly depend on the production and exchanges on foreign trades. The Southeast Asian Countries attracts the jewellery shop owners (Tost et al. 2018). The supply to foreign soil is the key source of profit for the gold industries. For analysing the market rate, proper organizational methods are used. They have a separate team that analyse and always keeps a track on the market’s downfall and rise. The wide dynamics and market impact of gold industry is really very diverse in nature. The innovations and policy framer can take it to the next step where long term sustainability will be attained soon without any further flexible variations.
Gold crafts in Southeast Asia are very important for their culture and have a long history. They show the region's heritage well. These skills are not only a show of skill and beauty, but they also have great importance in religion and social habits. They often connect with money, respect, and high status. Gold, a special metal in many Southeast Asian groups, has been around for a long time (Soe et al. 2022). It's closely connected to religious acts and beliefs when used in old crafts. For example, in Hindu and Buddhist cultures, gold is considered special because they think it brings good luck and safety. A lot of old gold works, like fancy gold jewelry and statues, are used in religious events and practices. In Southeast Asia, gold is often seen as a sign of wealth and happiness. The skilled work done with gold there is often linked to rich people or high-class folks. In many nations, how much gold someone has is thought of to show their social standing and achievement (Zain et al. 2021). So, people often make and wear gold jewelry to show off their wealth and raise their social rank. Old ways of making gold have been taught from one group to the next in Southeast Asia.
As the area quickly becomes more modern and has many factories, old-fashioned crafts are in danger of disappearing. So, people have tried to write down and keep these skills alive so they don't get lost for future generations. Traditional gold work is very important in Southeast Asia for building a feeling of belonging and who we are. In many places, making gold is a group thing where families and neighborhoods join to make fancy gold things (Nguyen, 2021). Moreover, these arts often belong only to certain areas and bring a lot of joy for the people living there. The fancy drawings and ways used in these handicrafts show the local culture and customs. They are very important to the area's identity. Gold is one of the area's best things to sell, and old gold work has a huge effect on money. Many families and communities in Southeast Asia get jobs and money from making gold things to sell. These crafts are often a big money-maker for the tourism industry (Fabinyi et al. 2022). People from all over the world come to see them, drawn by their fancy looks and importance in culture. In the end, old gold work in Southeast Asia is more than just pretty to look at.
Firstly, people in Southeast Asia are very worried about illegal mining. This is because these activities often take away natural resources without approval from authorities or proper supervision by the government (CARNAJE et al. 2023). This leads to harming the environment, especially in areas with lots of living things and delicate systems. Illegal mining uses heavy machines and chemicals, which pollutes water sources, ruins forests and farmlands as well as causes air pollution. This not only harms the environment, but it also impacts the health and jobs of nearby people who need these resources to live (Kyaw and Sakakibara, 2022). Second, artisanal mining or small-scale gold digging also hurt the Southeast Asia gold business. Local people with few resources and tools often do handmade mining. They use simple ways to get gold from the ground. It gives money to a lot of people, but it also leads to bad mining methods and dangerous jobs. Not having the right training and tools in small-scale mining can cause accidents, hurts, and even deaths. Also, putting mercury and other bad chemicals into gold mining can really hurt the health of miners and people near them. In addition, illegal mining and handmade mining also cause the government and real mining firms to lose money.
The lack of rules for these actions means that taxes and fees are not paid to the government. This stops the government from getting money it needs. They could use that to make roads, bridges and help people in the area. It also makes it unfair for law-abiding gold mining companies when they compete with low-cost gold from illegal and handmade mining activities (Cheng et al. 2023). The gold industry in Southeast Asia has a security problem because of illegal and crafty miners. Sometimes, these miners might be connected to crime groups. This can cause more violence and problems in the area. This makes it hard for businesses to work and can also stop money from other countries coming into gold mining. Illegal and hand-mining practices have greatly affected the gold industry in Southeast Asia. These activities not only harm the environment and health, but also lead to money loss and raise security issues. It's important for Southeast Asian countries to make strong moves against illegal and small-scale mining (Ng and Ong, 2022). They need to support good, responsible ways of mining that don't harm the environment and help grow the gold industry in the region. They are an important part of the area's past, helping to make community feeling strong, increasing money growth and keeping old traditions safe.
For many years, gold has been important to the money and customs of America and Southeast Asia. But, the way people get and clean gold in these two places has changed a lot. In America, finding gold in California a long time ago made the famous gold rush happen. This led to more gold being produced (Gadzanku et al. 2021). Soon, the old way of gold panning changed to new methods. One was hydraulic mining which used strong water waves to get gold from the earth's soil. This way was not just quicker and better, but it also helped get gold from places that old methods couldn't reach. In America, there were big improvements in using machines to make gold. In the middle of the 1800s, a new thing called the stamp mill was made. It uses big iron hammers to break up rocks that contain gold. This changed how we get gold from those rocks. This tool could break big amounts of rock quickly, making more production and reducing costs (Eichenberger et al. 2020). Besides improvements in making things using technology, America also got better at refining gold. In the late 1800s, a process called cyanide was created. This allowed to get gold from rocks that used to be thought of as trash and had low value.
However, Southeast Asia has a long past of making gold that goes back to very old civilizations. But, this area did not get the same progress in making gold using technology like America did. In Southeast Asia, common ways to get gold like using simple tools and shallow mining were the main methods in getting this precious metal. One reason why Southeast Asia isn't going forward in technology is because they put a lot of focus on small-scale artisanal mining (Yakubchuk, 2023). This kind of mining is done by one person or a few people using basic tools and things. It's often seen as a way to make money for small towns in the countryside. The use of technology and big machines to make gold is not as common in these places because of money issues and cultural differences. But, in the last few years, there has been an increasing desire to encourage good and eco-friendly mining methods in Southeast Asia. This has brought in new, better technologies for making gold in that area. For example, using mercury to get gold from rocks is bad for people's health and the environment (Douine et al . 2020). So now new ways like gravity separation and cyanide washing are being used instead. A big change in gold making in Southeast Asia is using drones for search and map work.
The growth of the gold business in Southeast Asia has been mostly affected by big global mining companies. These big companies, with lots of money and modern techniques, have been very important in turning the area into a big gold maker (Jamaluddin et al. 2022). One big effect of international mining companies on the gold business in Southeast Asia has been teaching modern ways to mine. These companies have added fancy tools and knowledge that has greatly increased how fast and well gold mining is done in the area. This has let for big gold digging, which makes more gold and better money for the firms and nations they work in. In addition, big mining companies from different countries have brought a lot of needed money into the gold business in Southeast Asia (Ghimire et al, 2021). The big money spent by these businesses has helped the industry to grow and get better. This has let people find and work on new gold finds, which raised the total output. Furthermore, money invested by these businesses has helped to make more jobs and improve the local economy. This is important for many communities in Southeast Asia that need a stronger economy. Gold businesses can also see how big gold mining companies are helping the growth of the gold business in Southeast Asia.
Gold businesses help improve roads and buildings in that area too. These companies that move stuff, tools and workers often need to spend money on building roads, ports and other needs. These changes have helped not only the people digging but also others around them (Poetranto et al., 2021). They made it simpler to move things like food and services while helping local businesses grow too. But, as big mining companies expand in this area, worries have been shared about how their work can hurt people and nature. Getting gold needs to use chemicals and can harm nature. This can be bad for people living nearby and natural homes of animals. There have also been worries about moving native people and hurting special places in the search for gold mines. This has led to demands for these firms to follow good and sustainable mining ways so they can reduce the bad effects (Kerdsin et al. 2022). Multinational mining corporations have had a big impact on how the gold industry has grown in Southeast Asia. Their fancy tools, big money spending and better buildings have helped a lot to make the business bigger and better. But, these businesses must make sure their actions are done in an accountable and lasting way to lessen the bad effects on nature and nearby people.
Gold digging has always been a big way to make money in America and Southeast Asia. Lately, people have started to notice more how mining can harm the environment and nearby communities. So people are paying more attention to making sure gold mining is good for society, nature and the economy (Pathak and Sharma, 2022). This will help both now and in future times. Gold digging in both areas uses old ways that need chemicals like mercury and cyanide. These can be bad for the environment and our health. These chemicals are often used to get gold from the ore. They can go into water and make it dirty, hurting sea life. In America and Southeast Asia, the widespread small-scale gold mining often doesn't have good waste management. This leads to bad land pollution that can spread through the air. To fix these problems, many green efforts have been put into place in gold mining activities (Meutia et al. 2022). The Responsible Jewellery Council (RJC) was started in the U.S. in 2005 to support good ways of getting jewels, like gold mining, in the jewellery business. The RJC made a set of rules that all members must follow. These cover topics like human rights, fair work practices and how they affect the environment.
Likewise, in Southeast Asia the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) started in 2006. It aims to encourage fair mining activity across the region. The IRMA made a list of rules and guidelines (Chua et al. 2021). These cover things like caring for people, protecting the environment, and working with communities. The IRMA works with mining companies to help them follow these standards. They also support openness and responsibility in their running of businesses. Not only that, but governments in both areas have also put rules into practice to encourage environment-friendly methods of gold mining. For example, in the United States, laws like the Clean Water Act and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 try to control use of chemicals. In Southeast Asia, a few countries have also put rules in place to limit the use of chemicals and promote responsible waste management practices at mining operations (Abraham, 2021). Another key part of supporting sustainability in gold mining is encouraging good and honest practices related to work and human rights. This is very important in Southeast Asia, where lots of children work and have bad jobs in small-scale gold mining. Groups like the Fairtrade Foundation have been helping work places in mining communities to treat workers fairly and make their jobs better.
From this comparative analysis of the gold industry of Southeast Asia and America, we can understand the dynamic parameters on which the industries run with. The regulatory body frames the legal structure in a way that safeguards the social as well as industrial growth. The impact of the gold industries in a developed state is very important. The region around an Gold industries, can shape up with the natural developments that will happen gradually with the rise of the industry. We have found that The Southeast Asian countries have a rich and traditional culture of mining as they are supported by geological advantages. The old skilled artisans learn the skills from their ancestors and to keep up with the competitions after the arrival of the corporate mining organisations, they were trained by the industries and taken as a worker. Hence they got employment under regulated laws. Both the American and the Southeast Asian labours get the employment under specified laws regulated by the governing bodies. The law dealt with safeguarding their health and fair wages. The gold mines greatly impact the environment in form of soil erosion, deforestation, global warming, destruction of water bodies, soil excavations and lung diseases etc. The governing bodies frame the laws to minimise this damages. The introduction of modern innovations also emphasizes on minimizing the effects caused to the environment and native health. The Southeast Asia has rich traditions of artisans. The best part is that the old skilled labour still finds a place in the market. They can separately work and earn their livelihoods. On the other hand the governing body of America thinks about their workers and train them with modern innovative techniques and prepare them and give employment to them. Their fair policies are the key that safeguards both the sustainability of the industry as well as the environmental ecological balance.
When comparing the gold industry in America and Southeast Asia, a deep study is necessary to understand the complex dynamics that shape these industries. Gold is a valuable metal with great cultural, economic, and historical importance. Its appeal has sparked exploration and exploitation in many different places. This research aims to utilize a comprehensive methodology that integrates both qualitative and quantitative research techniques to examine significant aspects such as mining procedures, production quantities, economic effects, and regulatory frameworks. This study aims to identify the elements that have influenced the gold industry's trajectories in Southeast Asia and America by exploring their historical development and current environmental conditions. The comparison of these two areas provides an interesting aspect of understanding differences in the use of resources, environmental factors, and geopolitical effects. Using a methodical research technique, this study aims to provide important insights into the different routes and similarities that define the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America.
Using an interpretivism philosophy, this study acknowledges the main complexity of the gold business in Southeast Asia and America, acknowledging that these worlds are not simply collections of data but dynamic systems impacted by human experiences, perceptions, and cultural context. The analytical approach is based on the view that social situations are subjective and context-oriented, corresponding with the idea that understanding the gold business necessitates investigating the different perspectives of stakeholders, from local populations to industrial experts (Gutierrez-Mosquera et al. 2020). This study perspective aims to capture the complex meanings associated with gold within the cultural, social, and economic fabric of each place by giving priority to qualitative approaches including participant observation, interviews, and content analysis.
This approach acknowledges the impact of historical legacies, political regulations, and socio-cultural influences on the industry's trajectory. It emphasizes the need to disclose the sector's intentions, stories, and behaviours. The research explores the subjective realities that inform regulations and practices by going beyond superficial quantitative measurements. Interpretivism enriches the analysis of the Southeast Asian and American gold industries by promoting a deeper understanding of the lived experiences within these gold-producing regions. It offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex interplay of contextual factors and human agency.
The researcher applied a deductive research technique to analyse the gold industry in Southeast Asia compared to America and to evaluate theories and concepts taken from existing literature and established structures. With this method, particular study ideas are developed based on theoretical foundations, and then empirical data is gathered and examined to support or contradict them. This study uses deductive reasoning to add information about the gold business to the corpus by shedding light on patterns, causal links, and broadly applicable concepts. This deductive approach is very organized, and hypothesis driven (Tost et al. 2018). It allows a systematic analysis of predetermined factors affecting the gold industry in the designated locations. By providing a framework for study, this technique makes it easier to apply well-established economic, environmental, and socio-political theories to Southeast Asian and American contexts. To understand the technologically advanced and complex structures of this gold industry, this method is most suitable.
It is critical to recognize the limits of the deductive method. Following assumptions carries the danger of ignoring certain contextual details that might not fit into existing frameworks. Also, the deductive approach may overlook developing events that contradict accepted hypotheses, restricting the investigation of fresh perspectives. The depth of knowledge is limited as this industry is complex and massive. It has various realities that are hidden from the knowledge. the researcher need to dive into the grassroots level to understand the actual reality inside this mining industry.
Despite these limitations, the deductive approach has significant advantages, especially for its systematic and consistent character. This improves the study's accuracy. It helps to figure out connections between variables, contributes to the wider development of knowledge in the field of gold industry research, and offers a systematic platform for comparative analysis.
Due to the diverse and dynamic nature of the subject, an exploratory research approach is an excellent option for exploring the gold business in Southeast Asia in contrast to America. This approach is especially appropriate when the researcher wants to produce observations about complex problems without establishing fixed assumptions, examine different factors, and better understand the issues. The purpose of this design is to offer a comprehensive investigation of the gold industry, allowing the identification of unexpected elements that might affect its dynamics. Owing to the complex interactions between the gold industry's environmental, social, and economic aspects, an exploratory method provides flexibility in modifying the study process in response to new trends and discoveries.
The exploratory research design includes qualitative methodologies such as interviews, focus groups, and literature reviews. Interviews with stakeholders, industry experts, and members of the local community will facilitate the identification of important topics, difficulties, and possibilities in both locations. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the body of prior research can assist in identifying gaps in knowledge and direct the development of research questions. However, the exploratory design has limits. Because qualitative research involves non-random sampling, the results might not be easily extrapolated (Buss et al. 2021). Personal views may be introduced when individuals assess data. The exploration's open-ended format may also provide a large volume of qualitative data that is difficult to analyse fully. The advantages of an exploratory research design are found in its ability to discover complex patterns, guide the creation of later research stages, and produce deep, situation-specific insights. It contributes to a deeper knowledge of the gold industry in both Southeast Asia and America by providing an essential foundation for future deductive investigations to formulate more focused conclusions and research topics.
Using a secondary qualitative research technique through literature analysis is the research strategy used for this study. This approach uses the body of academic, business, and governmental things historically available to provide an in-depth understanding of Southeast Asia's gold industry compared to America's. A thorough analysis of academic papers, studies, and publications relevant to the gold business in both areas would be the first stage. The present study will undertake a methodical examination of the literature, using classification and analysis to identify significant themes, historical patterns, and contemporary issues. A comprehensive understanding of the factors driving the gold business would also benefit from a review of industry publications, governmental regulations, and impact on the environment studies (Dong et al. 2021). The exploratory aspect of the study is well-suited for the secondary qualitative research technique, which enables a thorough examination of historical developments, cultural influences, and socioeconomic settings.
The advantages of this research technique include cost-effectiveness and efficiency, as it makes use of publicly available data. It also permits a thorough investigation of the topic, covering a range of viewpoints and ideas from different sources. However, there are drawbacks, such as the possibility of discrimination in the body of current research and the dependence on the calibre and extent of accessible resources. Since the gold business is so active, certain sites may include irrelevant information. Using literature analysis as a secondary qualitative research technique is a helpful approach for this study. It provides a detailed understanding of the gold business in Southeast Asia and America and lays the foundation for future primary research stages. Synthesizing the body of present literature will establish a basis for identifying knowledge gaps, possible research topics, and areas needing more study.
The researcher have collected secondary data from ten different journals from 2019 to 2023 and found several insights. In a journal, the researcher have found that the gold industry is responsible for a country’s GDP growth and is crucial to sustainable economic development. So, the world economic sector is planning to make the gold industry sustainable by 2050. A study said there should always be a change according to the necessity of issues like water, climate change, and energy consumption (Gorman and Dzombak, 2018). In another study, the researcher found that in rural and central areas, mining is traditionally carried out through artisanal and small-scale gold mining, where mercury is used for the extraction of gold through amalgamation.
In another study, the researcher saw the large-scale gold industry use cyanide for the extraction of gold for a long time (Sitando et al . 2020). Another study said the total capacity for extraction and storage is more than 100 million metric tonnes. Another life-threatening insight that came to us is the presence of metalloids in the food chain due to their bio magnification (Cordoba-Tovar et al., 2021). This results in adverse effects on public health. According to critics, the governing regulatory body for small-scale production management is overly technical and does not have environmental impacts. In another very interesting journal, the researcher have found that researchers always have a dilemma in mind about whether gold mining stocks act like gold or equities. For that, several tests were performed over time (Dar et al., 2019). So these are some crucial facts that came up from this secondary data related to the gold mine industry of Southeast Asia in contrast to America.
In this research, the researcher has used thematic analysis method to analyze the secondary data collected from the selected journal articles. One of the more widely used qualitative research methods is thematic analysis whereby researchers identify and analyze patterns, themes or meanings within a dataset. Thematic analysis has its advantages also but comes with some disadvantages. The primary drawbacks of thematic analysis include the risk for subjectivity and bias in data interpretation. Like other qualitative research methods, the issue of reliance on a liberal interpretation by researchers own experiences beliefs and interpretations affecting identification-interpretation cycles to themes is significant (Wei et al. 2019). This subjectivity may lead various researchers to different conclusions from the same data set, then their findings may be invalid or unreliable. To overcome this drawback, researchers have to consider their own bias and utilize several authors in the analysis procedures because it will be more objective interpretation of data.
However, this flexibility also has many advantages since thematic analysis would allow for a better and more detailed understanding the data. Nevertheless, one of the main benefits when using thematic analysis is that such methods can produce rich and descriptive comprehension for a data set. With thematic analysis, one can learn about participants experiences to a better degree by identifying themes and analyzing their recurrence within answers. This inductive approach is useful while studying new or intricate fields of research where gathered information and theory are scarce (Wei et al . 2019). The use of thematic analysis also cuts across various formats such as interview transcripts or surveys and even other kinds of data like visual meaning it is a very versatile method to analyse different types of data from many research domains. Another benefit of thematic analysis is its flexibility and adaptability to different research settings as well as different approaches. Thematic analysis is more elastic than other restrained qualitative methods – it can be used for researching different issues due to multiple theories and approaches allowed.
This chapter outlines the thorough research approach used to examine Southeast Asia's gold industry compared to that of the United States. The selected interpretivism research philosophy is consistent with the study's goal, which is to comprehend how the gold business is subjective and context specific. Accepting this way of thinking makes it easier to conduct a thorough investigation, considering the complex interplay between environmental, cultural, and economic influences on the sector. The necessity of testing theories developed from the body of existing literature and accepted frameworks justifies the use of the deductive research technique. The exploratory study approach has been chosen to account for the complex and ever-changing character of the gold business. Because of its cost-effectiveness, a secondary qualitative research approach based on literature analysis is selected. To summaries, the present study offers a comprehensive technique that incorporates interpretivism, logical reasoning, exploratory design, secondary qualitative research, and theme analysis. The tactics and techniques selected are adapted to the specific intricacies of the gold business, offering a strong structure for comprehending its different aspects in Southeast Asia in contrast to America. Building on this structure, the next chapters will explore the usefulness of data gathering, analysis, and interpretation.
Chapter 4 provides an in-depth analysis of the major findings from the studies considered, gives insight into economic complexities and dynamics across different segments within Southeast Asia. Given the fact that this region is currently undergoing rapid changes, it became necessary to understand subtleties of its economic activities. The articles written by different authors provide important perspectives on the implications of international processes such as COVID-19, BRI policy and sustainable development goals (SDGs) for Southeast Asia’s economic developments. While not constituting the key interest in all reports, the gold industry comes out as a critical thread demonstrating intricacy of this region from economic perspective. Verbrugge and Geenen (2019) offer an all-encompassing analysis of the world gold mining economy, outlining global trends and insights that form a basis for subsequent investigation on Southeast Asia’s gold industry. Along with this, the chapter presents a synthesis of findings available in journals that examined non-state actors, rice farming commercialization, research and development on green economic growth as well the influence of BRI’s initiative to partner with UAE sand trade among others. This chapter lays the foundation for a complete analysis, underlining that it is vital to pay attention to the interaction of different forces.
|
Authors |
Year |
Objective |
Method |
Findings |
Keywords |
|
Ahmed et al. (2021) |
2021 |
Assess the impact of COVID-19 on stock and commodity markets in South Asian countries |
Comparative analysis of market performance |
COVID-19 adversely affected stock and commodity markets in South Asia; sustainability implications. |
COVID-19, stock market, commodity market, sustainability |
|
Breslin and Nesadurai (2020) |
2020 |
Explore non-state actors' role in transnational governance in Southeast Asia |
Qualitative analysis of governance |
Non-state actors play a significant role in transnational governance in Southeast Asia. |
Non-state actors, transnational governance, Southeast Asia |
|
Cramb (2020) |
2020 |
Examine the commercialization of rice farming in the lower Mekong Basin |
Qualitative analysis of rice farming |
Commercialization of rice farming has wide-ranging impacts on the lower Mekong Basin. |
Rice farming, commercialization, Mekong Basin |
|
Fang et al. (2022) |
2022 |
Investigate the role of R&D in green economic growth through renewable energy |
Empirical evidence from South Asia |
Research and development significantly contribute to green economic growth through renewable energy in South Asia. |
Research and development, green economic growth, South Asia |
|
Gong (2019) |
2019 |
Analyze the Belt and Road Initiative's impact on China's influence in Southeast Asia |
Case study and analysis |
The Belt and Road Initiative enhances China's influence in Southeast Asia. |
Belt and Road Initiative, China's influence, Southeast Asia |
|
Lamb et al. (2019) |
2019 |
Investigate the global trade in sand and its impact on livelihoods |
Qualitative analysis of sand trade |
Global sand trade negatively affects livelihoods, with implications often omitted in discussions. |
Sand trade, livelihoods, global trade |
|
Sadiq et al. (2022) |
2022 |
Explore commodity dynamism in the COVID-19 crisis |
Analysis of gold, oil, and stock prices |
Gold, oil, and stock commodity prices exhibit asymmetry during the COVID-19 crisis. |
Commodity prices, COVID-19, asymmetry |
|
Streets et al. (2019) |
2019 |
Assess global and regional trends in mercury emissions and concentrations |
Analysis of mercury emissions data |
Global mercury emissions and concentrations show varying trends and regional disparities. |
Mercury emissions, global trends, regional disparities |
|
Trupp and Dolezal (2020) |
2020 |
Examine tourism's role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia |
Qualitative analysis of tourism impacts |
Tourism plays a significant role in contributing to or hindering the achievement of SDGs in Southeast Asia. |
Tourism, Sustainable Development Goals, Southeast Asia |
|
Verbrugge and Geenen (2019) |
2019 |
Provide a fresh perspective on change and diversity in the global gold mining economy |
Analysis of diversity in global gold mining |
The gold commodity frontier reveals dynamic changes and diversity in the global gold mining economy. |
Gold mining, diversity, global economy |
As it comes to Southeast Asia’s gold industry as opposed to that of America, certain unique traits are evident and engendered by the economics, geopolitical aspects plus environmental considerations. Analysis of the gold industry in Southeast Asia requires a clear understanding of its dynamics within both regional and global markets. Verbrugge and Geenen (2019) offer a new take on the global gold mining business, highlighting its versatile nature that develops over time. Gold mining has been a major economic enterprise in Southeast Asia historically, impacting the development of the region and people’s lives. The Extractive Industries and Society (2019) study elucidate the dynamism of global gold mining, as it is presented through a set of various players involved in this economic field. Influence of The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is also discussed by Gong (2019), who notes that this venture has been crucial in shaping China’s position and sway over Southeast Asia. The initiative has, directly through infrastructure development and economic collaborations as well indirectly impacted on the gold industry by changing regional economics dynamics alongside investment patterns. The gold industry in Southeast Asia But, of course, South-East Asian region is not homogeneous and the economic activities differ greatly from country to country.
Trupp and Dolezal (2020) focus on the tourism aspect of Southeast Asia’s path to sustainability, highlighting that while this is integral in relation to its economy, it also features a multifaceted economic environment which must be recognized. Even though tourism cannot be classed as a direct gold mining activity, it still represents the diverse economic practices that have been retouching up Southeast Asia. Another complicating factor is the influence of COVID-19, as identified by both Ahmed et al. (2021) and Sadiq et al. The impact of the pandemic has been felt at global commodity prices including gold with implications on Southeast Asian economies that are majorly dependent on commodities exports. However, in the case of American gold industry providers operate based on a different set up considering social-economic and geopolitical aspects. America has been involved in gold mining for a long time, and it has contributed significantly towards the economic development of America. The stable American economy and its role as a leader on the global economic arena also affects gold market features. Fang et al. (2022) add to the understanding by examining how research and development has found favor in actualizing green economic growth through renewable energy sector uptake in South Asia.
Therefore, it can stated that the gold industry corresponding to an American landscape in Southeast Asia brings out a complex situation influenced by historical, economic and geopolitical factors. In addition, the complexities are also driven by such aspects as the Belt and Road Initiative or BRI (Jemo et al., 2020), issues related to sustainable development goals, and also its influence because of COVID-19 pandemic. Along with this, to appreciate the situation in the gold industry of Southeast Asia, one should describe its relations to economic processes within a certain region and on a global scale as well as address wider changes in terms of activities comprising economics. With Southeast Asia constantly changing, the course of the gold market will be subject to internal and external factors; it is critical that any discussion on this topic remain inclusive in order to define future moves as these potentially reflect other shortcomings or opportunities delineated by such a dynamic economic environment. While not a direct contributor to the gold industry, it offers an indirect commentary on wider diversification efforts in economies of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region that may affect how important industries such as gold mining are relative each other.
Chapter 4 provides an in-depth investigation of major conclusions using some studies and clarifies complex economic relationships that exist within Southeast Asia. These studies are conducted by different authors and give actual knowledge about the response of these regions to global events or occurrences, including COVID-19 pandemic, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) ambitious classification scheme along with achievement of sustainable development goals. Furthermore, not all studies deal directly with the gold industry, but as a tapestry of economic threads intermingled, they reveal some aspects of Southeast Asia’s economy. The chapter starts with a provoking summary by Verbrugge and Geenen (2019) which presents an interesting view of the world’s gold mining industry. This study helps in laying the foundation of a framework as for how Southeast Asia’s gold industry can be further studied in times to come and stresses on its nature, which is full of diversity and variation with time.
A diversified economy characterizes the economic activities in Southeast Asia, and that is brought to light as discussion unfolds. Breslin and Nesadurai, the penetration of commercialization in the rice farming categorize across Mekong Valley floor Cramb,and research &development procedures leveraged to support green economic growth. Since The Belt and Road Initiative (Gong, 2019) has become a dominant does force capable of affecting China’s influence in Southeast Asia somehow, this factor cannot be underestimated for the gold sector. The research by Lamb et al. (2019) on the global trade in sand, shows that negative effects on livelihoods frequently remain hidden and hence portrays how one economic activity is entwined with so apparently unrelated. As the world and particularly Southeast Asia restructure, these findings go beyond mere industry-specific implications but also sentiments which contribute towards painting of how the economic terrain in this region is compared.
The growth of the world's gold market over the past few decades has had a significant effect on the economy. Additionally, small-scale, unofficial artisanal gold mining is paving the way for their success. The two main continents that have dominated this sector for a long time are Southeast Asia and America. Their economic growth and expansion are centred on this industry. Their culture, economic situation, and diversity of geology set them apart from other countries. putting them at the top of the global gold business. With their creative and cutting-edge techniques, they manage market rates and trends. Blessed with abundant mineral resources, Southeast Asia is a major player in this international market. Nations with sophisticated craftsmen and large-scale manufacturing methods include Indonesia, the Philippines, and Myanmar. These customs are the only thing that can ensure the prosperity of the area. However, historically speaking, America's gold sector has always been prosperous. In the 19th century, mining powerhouses. California and Nevada emerged. Since then, industrial activities have expanded dramatically because of the development of contemporary inventions and technology. We want to study the gold business in America and Southeast Asia. We'll look at how things were in the past, what's happening now, and what might happen in the future. By comparing different places, we can understand how they play a part in the global gold business.
The story of the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America is like a big cloth that includes important culture, big changes in money, and how it affects society. Even though these places in Southeast Asia have different geography and cultures, they all like gold. Countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia have a deep connection to gold through their history and culture. Gold mining has been around for a long time; ancient civilizations like the Majapahit Kingdom and the Srivijaya Empire used to trade a lot of gold, as per old records (Nguyen, 2021). Skilled craftsmen in the region make beautiful gold jewellery, which not only looks good but also shows off wealth and status. Gold is not just pretty; it was also used for trading and in religious ceremonies, showing that it had different uses and meanings in Southeast Asia's history.
The California Gold Rush, on the other hand, caused a dramatic upheaval in the American gold industry in the mid-1800s. The 1848 gold rush at Sutter's Mill resulted in a huge migration of investors that changed the country's demography and economy. The Gold Rush sped up westward migration, sparked the development of mining communities, and encouraged economic progress. This historical event, which personified the spirit of manifest destiny and the quest for affluence, not only shaped the American West but also permanently altered the nation's identity. The discovery of gold caused a lot of trouble for the native people in both Southeast Asia and America. The colonial powers in Southeast Asia messed up things by making the local people work in mines (Soe et al. 2022). Similarly, during the American Gold Rush, Native American folks were forced to leave their homes, leading to fights and problems in society.
Gold was not just about money; it became a symbol of power, status, and culture in both places. The way gold was taken out and traded affected how countries connected and sometimes fought with each other (Kyaw and Sakakibara, 2022). Even until the 1900s, the gold standard, where the value of money was linked to a certain amount of gold, had a big impact on how international financial institutions developed. When we look at how the gold industries grew in Southeast Asia and America in the past, we see that gold is not just about money. It's a big part of the culture, how people live together, and how money works in these places (Makul et al. 2021). Gold has been a part of the story for a long time, and its influence is evident in how things work today. Knowing this history helps us understand the complicated things and problems the gold industry faces now.
Gold production and reserves in Southeast Asia and America vary significantly, reflecting their respective geographies, histories, and economies (Islam et al. 2020). To further comprehend how different regions of the world support the global gold industry, let's examine the specifics. To begin with, Southeast Asia, which includes nations like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, has a long history of gold mining that goes back thousands of years. Due to their tropical climates and use of both modern and cutting-edge extraction techniques, these nations have made significant contributions to the world's gold output. Gold-rich locations in America, notably the United States, such as Nevada, Alaska, and California, have made significant contributions to the country's worldwide gold output position. The American Gold Rush of the 19th century was an important era that drew investors and miners and significantly increased the output of gold. The diversity, or geographical advantage, results in a range of gold resources, from hard-rock deposits in mountains to deposits of placer gold in riverbeds (Lin et al. 2022). Modern mining techniques have made extraction more effective, which has helped America maintain its position as the world's largest gold resource owner.
In terms of reserves, both areas have large amounts. The reserves of Southeast Asia are spread throughout a variety of topographies, including mountains and tropical forests. Their distribution and geological features vary. Here, it's crucial to use sustainable extraction techniques to reduce your influence on the environment. The lavish gold jewellery that symbolizes riches and prestige is a vital part of Southeast Asian culture (Kerdsin et al. 2022). Historical civilizations like the Majapahit Kingdom highlighted the cultural significance of gold through their engagement in significant gold commerce. From the Gold Rush until the creation of the gold standard, gold has played a significant role in American history. Gold has always been popular because it represents power, riches, and a real connection to the past. Finally, comparing gold output and reserves in Southeast Asia and America reveals differences driven by historical, geological, and cultural influences. Southeast Asia's varied landscapes and rich history stand in opposition to America's gold rush history and the current supremacy of the world's gold deposits (Yeoh, 2020). Gaining an understanding of these subtleties is essential to understanding the dynamics and challenges that now form the gold industry in these places.
Government policies have a big impact on how the gold industries in America and Southeast Asia operate. Countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, have distinct laws about gold. The government decides the amount of extraction and other fundamentals of the gold industry (Hairan et al. 2021). These regulations are made to ensure that gold benefits local populations and that mining doesn't negatively impact the environment. Southeast Asian nations occasionally amend these regulations to reflect changing circumstances or to preserve natural regions. The government may impose regulations to restrict mining in a forest rich in gold to protect the surrounding trees and wildlife. In America, particularly in Nevada and California, the government shapes the gold mining regulations. These regulations address the areas that can be mined, the amount of land permissible for mining, and the land-care responsibilities of miners (Najeeb et al. 2020).
To maintain justice and stop criminal behaviour, the government controls the buying and selling of gold to maintain environmental balance, safety, and extraction. Additionally, there are taxes on gold transactions, which means that the government receives a portion of the proceeds from the purchase or sale of gold. Sometimes the changes in law affect miners. More regulations might mean that miners have to spend more money on new equipment or follow additional restrictions, which would be difficult. On the other hand, fewer rules may facilitate gold mining but may cause environmental issues. Government policies have a significant influence on how the gold sector functions in both Southeast Asia and America (Aleluia et al. 2022). Ensuring that gold mining serves all states of the environment, local populations, and industry participants requires a delicate balance. Gaining an understanding of these government rules is crucial to developing a fair and sustainable gold sector that benefits all sections of society.
Multinational firms have an important role in determining the various dynamics of the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America (Higham and Cawte, 2021). These companies influence the extraction, processing, and trading of gold due to their extensive resources and worldwide presence. They frequently make significant investments in gold mining activities in Southeast Asia. These companies are attracted to nations like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia because of their large gold reserves and geographical advantages. The profit margin is massive for investors in such traditional mining areas. These companies use advanced mining techniques and varied mining operations to extract the gold. Cyanidation is used more than the old-fashioned mercury extraction method. This can strengthen the local economy by bringing in money and employment, but it also raises questions about the sustainability of the environment and the welfare of the surrounding community. One of the disadvantages of large corporations is the possibility of environmental destruction. Deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination can result from large-scale mining activities (Thorhaug et al. 2020). The long-term effects of these environmental changes can harm biodiversity and the natives, who rely on natural resources for their survival.
The big corporate groups have a major impact on the mining, processing, and distribution phases of the gold supply chain. They can shape market dynamics and impact gold prices throughout the world due to their monetary power. Additionally, when businesses put profit margins ahead of environmentally friendly methods, it may lead to resource exploitation. Global companies have a significant influence in the gold sector in Nevada and Alaska. These companies' cutting-edge technology and industry knowledge make it possible to harvest resources from a variety of geological formations effectively. Local ecosystems and communities may be sacrificed in the name of efficiency. There is no denying the economic influence of multinational companies in the gold sector. Through export earnings, employment creation, and taxation, they support national economies (Lai et al. 2023). The distribution of these advantages is frequently uneven, though, and local people frequently face social and economic difficulties, including being uprooted, losing their traditional means of subsistence, and having their possessions distributed unevenly. Government laws and community involvement are essential for reducing adverse impacts on the environment and maintaining sustainability for both societal and industrial purposes. Modern technologies are used to minimize social damage (Wang et al. 2022).
Gold mining in Southeast Asia and America hurts the environment and communities because of the connection between resource extraction, economic growth, and community building. To extract gold from rocks, two dangerous chemicals are used in gold mining: cyanide and mercury. These substances may badly contaminate water, threatening marine life and ecosystems, and they are extremely harmful to human lungs (Tolentino et al. 2020). Another life-threatening insight that came to us is the presence of metalloids in the food chain due to their bio magnification (Cordoba-Tovar et al., 2021). This results in adverse effects on public health (Wei et al., 2019). Another significant harmful environmental impact of gold mining in both locations is deforestation. The big mining firms typically have to clear significant areas of forest to maintain their gold deposits. Due to soil erosion, which disturbs ecosystems and results in the loss of habitat for several plant and animal species, these issues get worse. America's top environmental concern is the effect on fragile ecological systems, which includes the destruction of beautiful landscapes, especially in states like Nevada and Alaska. Large amounts of waste are created during the gold extraction process, contaminating water bodies as well as the infertile soil.
The labour conditions in gold mines, particularly for artisanal and small-scale mining operations, can be dangerous. Miners put their health and safety at risk due to frequent exposure to hazardous working conditions. In certain places, there is also a problem with child labour, which exacerbates socioeconomic problems related to gold mining (Ullah et al. 2021). Because the financial gains from gold mining, such as income and job creation, are frequently concentrated in the hands of a small number of people, impacted communities frequently experience social inequality. The money made from gold mining may not always be used to upgrade local communities' infrastructure or standard of living. The involvement of multinational firms in the Southeast Asian and American gold industries is highly complex. In a journal, we have found that the gold industry is responsible for a country’s GDP growth and is crucial to sustainable economic development. So, the world economic sector is planning to make the gold industry sustainable by 2050. A study said there should always be a change according to the necessity of issues like water, climate change, and energy consumption (Gorman and Dzombak, 2018).
Labour conditions and exploitation in the gold business in Southeast Asia and America are major problems, reflecting the difficulties that workers in this sector face. Labour conditions in gold mining operations are extremely unhealthy in Southeast Asian nations like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. Workers, especially those engaged in artisanal and small-scale mining, may be exposed to hazardous materials like mercury and cyanide and unsafe working conditions (Chua et al., 2021). Exploitation also exists, in the form of unequal wages, excessive work hours, and insufficient labour laws. Workers may not have valid contracts or job security, particularly in the unorganized mining sector. The employers exploited the workers for their benefit. Child labour is another upsetting concern of the gold business in various Southeast Asian locations. Due to economic challenges, families may be forced to include their kids in mining operations, depriving them of an education and exposing them to hazardous working circumstances. The never-ending cycle of exploitation and poverty is linked to the gold mining sector as a major societal issue. In comparison, American labour conditions in the gold sector are under investigation, particularly in areas like Nevada and Alaska.
While large-scale mining operations frequently follow safety guidelines, smaller, less regulated activities raise concerns. Miners may experience hazardous working conditions, receive insufficient education and training, and deal with issues with job security as well as fair compensation. Exploitation in the form of low salaries and poor working conditions is a shared problem in Southeast Asia and America. There is not necessarily an immediate connection between the economic advantages made by the gold business and higher living conditions for labourers. Cooperation between governments, mining firms, and international organisations is necessary to address these problems (Zain et al., 2021). To create a fairer and more equitable working environment in the gold sector, it is essential to implement strict labour regulations, ensure fair salaries, provide adequate safety measures, and end child labour. Positive transformation and enhancing the general well-being of individuals working in the gold mining industry in Southeast Asia and America depend heavily on raising awareness of and campaigning for workers' rights.
Southeast Asian nations like Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia are utilizing modern, innovative technology to increase the productivity of their gold mining industries. The large-scale gold industry has used cyanide for the extraction of gold for a long time (Sitando et al. 2020). They have invested so much in developing the ultimate advanced technologies for the extraction of gold with minimal effort and minimal environmental threats (Peramaiyan et al., 2022). According to a study, the total capacity for extraction and storage is more than 100 million metric tonnes (Dong et al. 2021). A novel approach is the extraction of gold from rocks using certain chemicals, like mercury and cyanide, often known as gold leaching. It's a method that helps extract more gold with the least amount of harm to the environment. The use of advanced miners and crushers, among other modern equipment, has increased the productivity and efficiency of mining operations. In the United States, technology has played an important role in increasing gold output, particularly in places like Nevada and Alaska. Strong drills and expansive processing facilities are examples of modern technology that make it simpler for miners to efficiently get gold. These machines are the best in the mining industry since they can do difficult tasks quickly and accurately.
For a variety of reasons, such as low productivity in the past, certain primary ore deposits have had gold values that are even greater than those of some tailing’s dams (Cairncross, 2020). Recovery from primary mineral resources is the main emphasis of most mining life cycle assessments (Chen et al., 2018; Segura-Salazar et al., 2019). A study explained how recovering gold from "mine tailings," a secondary resource, affects the ecosystem (Ghimire et al. 2021). Another study explained the ways of attaining sustainability through the use of cyanide (Altinkaya et al . 2020). Even small gold particles may be extracted from ore due to advancements in gold processing processes. Miners can extract more gold from the same amount of rock, making the process more economical overall. Digital platforms and advances in communication technology have made it simpler for people in the gold business to connect, trade, and exchange information. This helps the world's gold market grow to be more efficient and connected (Amin et al. 2021). These technological advancements aim to increase the efficiency of gold production while reducing its negative environmental effects. As we go forward, we must remain creative and make use of technology. By doing this, we can make sure that gold mining becomes more sustainable, safe, and intelligent in Southeast Asia and America.
A variety of market movements drive the demand for gold in Southeast Asia and America, reflecting their cultural, economic, and global dynamics. Southeast Asian nations with a long-standing cultural connection to gold include Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia (Uning et al. 2020). Gold is very important in terms of culture and society. Dazzling gold jewellery is frequently used to mark significant events and symbolise wealth and prestige. In Southeast Asia, customs like marriages and religious rites, where gold is essential, help fuel the market for gold. Economically, gold is a secure investment and store of wealth, especially during times of economic crisis. Gold is a popular insurance against inflation and currency volatility among investors and regular people. The rising middle class and strong economies in Southeast Asia are driving up demand for gold as an investment and jewellery material. Events like weddings and anniversaries, as well as cultural preferences, affect the market for gold jewellery (Douine et al. 2020).
Global economic factors and geopolitical events influence gold prices in both Southeast Asia and America. As a safe investment, gold tends to be in higher demand during recessions or uncertainties. On the other hand, during times of economic stability, customer needs may change, and gold will be seen more as a luxury good than a necessity. Technological developments, particularly in America, where gold is used to make electronics and other technical products, also influence the demand for gold. There is also a demand for gold in the aerospace and health sectors to match various economic barriers. Thus, cultural customs, economic factors, and worldwide market trends all contribute to the desire for gold in Southeast Asia and America. Gold's status as a financial asset and industrial asset, in addition to its continued historical significance, adds to its constant demand in these locations (Lamb et al. 2021). To adjust and meet the changing needs of customers in Southeast Asia and America, industry players must have a thorough understanding of these market trends.
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a major industry in Southeast Asia and America. They are often characterised by informal and small-scale activities, especially in states like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. Local populations use manual gold extraction techniques, including panning and rinsing, often motivated by financial need. These activities can boost local economies but also give rise to worries about hazardous working conditions and the degradation of the environment (Gao et al., 2022). On several occasions, there has been a conflict between mining companies and ASGM operators (Werthmann, 2017). In rural and central areas, mining is traditionally carried out through artisanal and small-scale gold mining, where mercury is used for the extraction of gold through amalgamation (Gutierrez-Mosquera et al . 2020). In the United States, states like Alaska and Nevada have high rates of ASGM.
Even though the sector is better regulated in America than it is in Southeast Asia, small-scale miners still have to deal with issues like environmental effects and following safety regulations. Advanced machinery distinguishes ASGM in America from the more primitive techniques frequently used in Southeast Asia. The social and environmental effects of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) pose a shared challenge for Southeast Asia and America due to geopolitical disparities (Nguyen, 2021). There was a study on the sustainable livelihood of ASGM workers (Owusu et al . 2019). It is still difficult to maintain a balance between the economic advantages for nearby populations and environmentally friendly methods, which highlights the necessity of ethical and regulated methods for artisanal and small-scale gold mining in these areas.
In Southeast Asia, governments such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia have put in place regulatory frameworks to control gold mining. These structures include involvement in the community, environmental laws, and licensing. However, due to inadequate resources, corruption, and the challenges of keeping an eye on illegal and separate mining activities, regulation can be challenging (Soe et al., 2022). There could occasionally be differences between how the law is now implemented and how it is applied. America has a clear legal system in place for gold mining. Federal legislation, like the General Mining Law of 1872, governs the exploitation of minerals on public lands. State restrictions further enhance these federal laws. Stronger institutional capacities in America support regulations being enforced by allowing more efficient monitoring and compliance. According to critics, the governing regulatory body for small-scale production management is overly technical and does not have environmental impacts (Buss et al., 2021). The law-finance theory posits that changes in investment behaviour are more likely to be influenced by economic and political contingency factors, that legislation just codifies current practice, and that informal private ordering frequently works effectively (Acheson, Campbell, and Turner, 2019).
Although environmental concerns are important in both areas, the policies' levels of rigidity might vary. America frequently carries out more thorough environmental effect analyses and mitigation strategies (Kyaw and Sakakibara, 2022). The efficacy of environmental laws varies across Southeast Asia, and enforcement might face difficulties as a result of economic goals that place a higher value on quick growth than on sustainable practices. Future decades might see a higher risk of "mass fires" due to the quantity, size, and continuity of dry, flammable woody fuels, which could result in massive, destructive, and uncontrollable wildfires (Stephens et al. 2018). There is a growing understanding of the value of including local communities in the process of making decisions in both areas. The degree of community engagement and the efficiency of the systems in place to address their concerns, however, might differ.
Global acceptance is growing for corporate social responsibility and devotion to moral mining methods. While there are responsible mining projects in both Southeast Asia and America, there may be variances in the extent, size, and effectiveness of these activities. In summary, the legal systems and enforcement tactics for gold mining in Southeast Asia and America are compared to illustrate the complicated relationship between safeguarding the environment, social stability, and prosperity (Makul et al., 2021). Implementing rules is difficult across both locations, but different strategies are used depending on institutional capabilities, cultural settings, and historical situations. To guarantee sustainable and ethical gold mining methods, it is necessary to make continuous efforts to confront these complexities.
Geographical, cultural, and historical aspects have impacted both the similarities and differences between the gold industries in Southeast Asia and America. Countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, have a long history of gold mining and a strong cultural association with the metal, which is seen in their elaborate jewelry. The region's industry confronts obstacles with non-formal mining methods, ecological considerations, and the requirement for sustainable growth (Islam et al., 2020). America, on the other hand, has a well-established gold industry with cutting-edge technology, strict laws, and an ancient history defined by the Gold Rush of the 19th century, particularly in areas like Nevada and Alaska. Stronger institutional capabilities, technical developments, and a stronger legal structure all help the United States adopt ecologically responsible and economical gold mining operations. Global market trends drive the demand for gold in Southeast Asia and America, influenced by cultural preferences, economic situations, and geopolitical reasons. With differences, cultivating a responsible and sustainable future for the gold sector in all areas depends on understanding and solving these issues.
The gold sector is a key economic force in Southeast Asia and America, making important contributions to their respective financial environments. People in places like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia all really like this special metal, even though they are different in where they live and how they do things. These countries have been into gold mining and trading for a long time, making the gold industry in Southeast Asia have a rich history. The region's gold markets frequently blend traditional artistry and modern extraction processes, representing a unique synthesis of heritage and innovation. Along with this, the California Gold Rush of the mid-nineteenth century changed the American gold industry, resulting in a surge of migration and economic transformation. Today, the United States has a strong gold sector, combining large-scale mining operations in locations such as Nevada with a thriving gold jewelry and investment market. Although the two regions have different historical trajectories, mining methods, and market dynamics, they face similar issues in terms of environmental sustainability, regulatory frameworks, and market swings. We want to study the gold business in America and Southeast Asia. By comparing different places, we can understand how they play a part in the global gold business.
The story of the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America is like a big cloth that includes important culture, big changes in money, and how it affects society. Even though these places in Southeast Asia have different geography and cultures, they all like gold. Countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia have a deep connection to gold through their history and culture. Gold mining has been around for a long time; ancient civilizations like the Majapahit Kingdom and the Srivijaya Empire used to trade a lot of gold, as per old records. Skilled craftsmen in the region make beautiful gold jeweler, which not only looks good but also shows off wealth and status. Gold is not just pretty; it was also used for trading and in religious ceremonies, showing that it had different uses and meanings in Southeast Asia's history.
The California Gold Rush, on the other hand, caused a dramatic upheaval in the American gold industry in the mid-1800s. The 1848 gold rush at Sutter's Mill resulted in a huge migration of investors that changed the country's demography and economy. The Gold Rush sped up westward migration, sparked the development of mining communities, and encouraged economic progress. This historical event, which personified the spirit of manifest destiny and the quest for affluence, not only shaped the American West but also permanently altered the nation's identity.
The discovery of gold caused a lot of trouble for the native people in both Southeast Asia and America. The colonial powers in Southeast Asia messed up things by making the local people work in mines. Similarly, during the American Gold Rush, Native American folks were forced to leave their homes, leading to fights and problems in society. Gold was not just about money; it became a symbol of power, status, and culture in both places. The way gold was taken out and traded affected how countries connected and sometimes fought with each other. Even until the 1900s, the gold standard, where the value of money was linked to a certain amount of gold, had a big impact on how international financial institutions developed. When we look at how the gold industries grew in Southeast Asia and America in the past, we see that gold is not just about money. It's a big part of the culture, how people live together, and how money works in these places. Gold has been a part of the story for a long time, and its influence is evident in how things work today. Knowing this history helps us understand the complicated things and problems the gold industry faces now.
Gold production and reserves in Southeast Asia and America vary significantly, reflecting their respective geographies, histories, and economies. To further comprehend how different regions of the world support the global gold industry, let's examine the specifics. To begin with, Southeast Asia, which includes nations like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, has a long history of gold mining that goes back thousands of years. Due to their tropical climates and use of both modern and cutting-edge extraction techniques, these nations have made significant contributions to the world's gold output. Gold-rich locations in America, notably the United States, such as Nevada, Alaska, and California, have made significant contributions to the country's worldwide gold output position. The American Gold Rush of the 19th century was an important era that drew investors and miners and significantly increased the output of gold. The diversity, or geographical advantage, results in a range of gold resources, from hard-rock deposits in mountains to deposits of placer gold in riverbeds. Modern mining techniques have made extraction more effective, which has helped America maintain its position as the world's largest gold resource owner.
In terms of reserves, both areas have large amounts. The reserves of Southeast Asia are spread throughout a variety of topographies, including mountains and tropical forests. Their distribution and geological features vary. Here, it's crucial to use sustainable extraction techniques to reduce your influence on the environment. The lavish gold jewelry that symbolizes riches and prestige is a vital part of Southeast Asian culture. Historical civilizations like the Majapahit Kingdom highlighted the cultural significance of gold through their engagement in significant gold commerce. From the Gold Rush until the creation of the gold standard, gold has played a significant role in American history. Gold has always been popular because it represents power, riches, and a real connection to the past. Finally, comparing gold output and reserves in Southeast Asia and America reveals differences driven by historical, geological, and cultural influences. Southeast Asia's varied landscapes and rich history stand in opposition to America's gold rush history and the current supremacy of the world's gold deposits. Gaining an understanding of these subtleties is essential to understanding the dynamics and challenges that now form the gold industry in these places.
Government policies have a big impact on how the gold industries in America and Southeast Asia operate. Countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, have distinct laws about gold. The government decides the amount of extraction and other fundamentals of the gold industry. These regulations are made to ensure that gold benefits local populations and that mining doesn't negatively impact the environment. Southeast Asian nations occasionally amend these regulations to reflect changing circumstances or to preserve natural regions. The government may impose regulations to restrict mining in a forest rich in gold to protect the surrounding trees and wildlife.
In America, particularly in Nevada and California, the government shapes the gold mining regulations. These regulations address the areas that can be mined, the amount of land permissible for mining, and the land-care responsibilities of miners. To maintain justice and stop criminal behaviour, the government controls the buying and selling of gold to maintain environmental balance, safety, and extraction. Additionally, there are taxes on gold transactions, which means that the government receives a portion of the proceeds from the purchase or sale of gold. Sometimes the changes in law affect miners. More regulations might mean that miners have to spend more money on new equipment or follow additional restrictions, which would be difficult. On the other hand, fewer rules may facilitate gold mining but may cause environmental issues. Government policies have a significant influence on how the gold sector functions in both Southeast Asia and America. Ensuring that gold mining serves all states of the environment, local populations, and industry participants requires a delicate balance. Gaining an understanding of these government rules is crucial to developing a fair and sustainable gold sector that benefits all sections of society.
Multinational firms have an important role in determining the many dynamics of the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America. These companies have a huge influence on many facets of the extraction, processing, and trading of gold due to their extensive resources and worldwide presence. Multinational companies frequently make significant investments in gold mining activities in Southeast Asia. These companies are attracted to nations like Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia because of their large gold reserves and high profit potential. These companies use sophisticated mining techniques and expansive mining operations to extract the gold. Cyanidation is used more than the old-fashioned mercury extraction method. This can strengthen the local economy by bringing in money and employment, but it also raises questions about the sustainability of the environment and the welfare of the surrounding community. One of the disadvantages of large corporations is the possibility of environmental destruction. Deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination can result from large-scale mining activities. The long-term effects of these environmental changes may include harm to biodiversity and the means of subsistence for people who rely on natural resources. Furthermore, the impact of global firms goes beyond the actual process of extracting gold. They frequently have a major impact on the mining, processing, and distribution phases of the gold supply chain. Because of their concentrated strength, they can shape market dynamics and impact gold prices throughout the world. Additionally, when businesses put profit margins ahead of environmentally friendly methods, it may lead to resource exploitation.
Global companies have a significant influence in the gold sector in Nevada and Alaska. These companies' cutting-edge technology and industry knowledge make it possible to harvest resources from a variety of geological formations effectively. Local ecosystems and communities may be sacrificed in the name of efficiency. There is no denying the economic influence of multinational companies in the gold sector. Through export earnings, employment creation, and taxation, they support national economies. The distribution of these advantages is frequently uneven, though, and local people frequently face social and economic difficulties, including being uprooted, losing their traditional means of subsistence, and having their riches distributed unevenly. Government laws and community involvement are essential for reducing adverse impacts on the environment and maintaining sustainability for both societal and industrial purposes. The involvement of multinational firms in the Southeast Asian and American gold industries is highly complex. Even while they contribute significantly to the economy and deliver cutting-edge technologies, their presence creates social and environmental issues. To guarantee that the advantages of the gold industry are distributed fairly and that the environmental damage is kept to a minimum for the long-term welfare of both areas, a careful and well-regulated strategy is necessary.
The exploitation of natural resources, economic growth, and social unity are deeply interconnected and are responsible for the considerable environmental and social effects of gold mining in Southeast Asia and America. Extracting gold from ore includes cyanide and mercury, two common chemicals used in gold mining. People worry that using chemicals in gold mining, like in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries, might pollute water and harm underwater habitats. Water contamination may have detrimental effects on aquatic biodiversity and drinking water supplies, as well as on the environment and human health.
Another significant negative environmental effect of gold mining in both areas is deforestation. To maintain their gold reserves, large-scale mining companies frequently need to remove extensive tracts of forest. These worsen problems with soil erosion, which disrupts ecosystems and contributes to the loss of habitat for many plant and animal species. The impact on delicate ecosystems, including the degradation of pristine landscapes, is a major environmental worry in America, particularly in regions like Nevada and Alaska. Tailings, a waste product of the gold extraction process, are produced in large quantities. These tailings have residual chemical content and might contaminate adjacent water and soil. Ineffective waste management techniques can cause environmental harm that lasts a lifetime and degrade the land's suitability for future uses.
The labour conditions in gold mines, particularly for artisanal and small-scale mining operations, can be dangerous. Miners put their health and safety at risk due to frequent exposure to hazardous working conditions. In certain places, there is also a problem with child labour, which exacerbates socioeconomic problems related to gold mining. Because the financial gains from gold mining, such as income and job creation, are frequently concentrated in the hands of a small number of people, impacted communities frequently experience social inequality. The money made from gold mining may not always be used to upgrade local communities' infrastructure or standard of living.
A complete and organized approach is required to address gold mining's environmental and social consequences. Local communities, mining firms, and governments must collaborate to establish sustainable practices, enforce environmental legislation, and give priority to the welfare of impacted populations. We must maintain a balance between economic growth and environmental and social responsibility to guarantee the long-term sustainability of the gold mining sector in Southeast Asia and America.
It could be concluded that the gold industry in south-east Asia has been successfully compared to America in the research. Furthermore, the secondary qualitative research analysis has aimed to portray the challenges in comparing the gold sector in Southeast Asia with America along with understanding different factors inspiring the sustainability and growth of the gold enterprise in America along with Southeast Asia as well. With the increasing demand for a sustainable universe as well as in maintaining the progress and speedy universe, the global economic industry universe has been looking to make the gold sector enduring and sustainable within 2050 as such. In comparing the gold enterprise in South-east Asia along with America, integral learning has been essential in understanding the complicated dynamics which form such sectors. The research findings have been a vital topic that has been discussed in conducting this research (Ruiz, 2020). Furthermore, the gold industry has been the primary economic factor in both America alongside Southeast Asia for making significant contributions to their financial aspects.
It is recommended that both in Southeast Asia and America, the enterprise stakeholders along with the policymakers should set up comprehensive strategies which assist reasonable worker practices with the progress and development of the societies besides effective income distribution on the whole. Moreover, it can be recommended that this research learning must assist in producing a much-undisturbed relationship between the domestic cultures along mining operations by offering advice on the ways by which a balance between traditional protection and economic development and progress could be maintained as well (Shambaugh, 2020). Additionally, it is recommended that by putting the enduring solutions towards practice, the mining operations could possess a positive environmental impact as well as make sure that such precious resources should be tacked efficiently concerning future generations as well. It could be recommended to maintain the sustainable growth of such gold firms besides the concept of maintaining a fruitful environmental balance along with the domestic society. It has been recommended that the gold mining enterprises of America as well as Southeast Asia must control the market cost worldwide. It can be recommended that sustainability at gold mining should be assisted with better along with honest practices associated towards the rights of human beings and jobs.
It can be recommended that there should be a detailed assessment of the key findings from the learnings considered along with providing insights towards economic dynamics along complicatedness throughout various divisions within Southeast Asia. In addition, it is recommended that this research study assist in paving the path of a framework for in what ways the gold sector of Southeast Asia could be learned further the times to come along with mental pressures upon its nature that has been full of dissimilarity and variety with time. It could be recommended that in maintaining the reserves of gold, the huge-scale mining enterprise is often required to eliminate widespread forest regions to avoid soil erosions. It has been recommended that the gold enterprises in Southeast Asia must look after the cultural ones as well as offer them reasonable rewards alongside employment for addressing issues such as protection of the employees, and effective remuneration alongside regulatory rules of global worker standards as a whole. It can be recommended to strike the correct balance between the financial benefits of mining along environmental conservation and this should be convenient and easier. As stated by Denisoff, (2021), it is recommended that in the United States of America, a dedicated balance between traditional maintenance along economic interest should be needed because the operations of mining could probably disturb the cultures and progress of the regions of concern as such. It can be recommended that finding environmentally appreciative methods and lawful structures has been important for fulfilling the requirements of gold in America and Southeast Asia as well. It has been recommended that researchers, academic institutions, along academics must additionally understand the complicated relationships between historical, economic, and traditional problems regarding the extraction of resources.
The objective of examining the environmental obstacles of the gold mines in the United States and Southeast Asia with a primary emphasis on environmental inequities deforestation along water pollution has been linked with the evaluation of diversity at international gold mining. In addition, the objective of introspecting the working laws associated with this field and identifying their strengths and loopholes to understand their impact on mining ethics and a sustainable environment is related to the assessment of gold, stock costs as well as oil (Abdurashidovich, 2020). Moreover, the objective of inventing the health, employment and culture related to socio-economic implications imposed by the mines on society has been associated with the comparative analysis of market performance on the whole. The objective of comparing the technological progression of Asia along with the USA and their economic impact has been linked towards case study and analysis as such. The environmental along communal impacts of gold mining in Southeast Asia and America have been related towards objective 1. As cited by G’afurovich et al., (2020), the role of multinational corporations in the gold industry in Southeast Asia and America is associated with investigating the working laws associated with this field and identifying their strengths and loopholes to understand their impact on mining ethics and a sustainable environment.
In conducting the research, it has been found that only seven articles have been used in the research study. More articles would be required to perform this research. a drawback could be that the source is not reliable, and casts doubt on the findings of the mentioned research topic. Furthermore, Secondary data may be a time-saving option, but it calls for questions of its source to ensure its reliability and authenticity. Additionally, some key limitations of secondary data collection methods, it is sometimes not relevant or outdated and do not provide any recent facts and figures about the current market trend (Libassi, 2020). The research limitations have been the theoretical drawbacks and flaws concerning research learning which have been frequently outside of the control of a researcher. Deficiency of reliable research data, a bad review of past research faulty data gathering methods, time constraints and cultural biasness have been some of the research limitations related to the topic in conducting the secondary qualitative research. Cultural biasness has been the differences in ways individuals think along with behave through cultures in conducting research work. The time constraints could negatively affect the research at times.
As highlighted by Carter, (2024), the ethical considerations in research are informed consent, voluntary participation, data privacy, confidentiality, data protection, results interaction as well as possibilities for harm and author acknowledgement. An author acknowledgement indicates every work of the authors in performing this research has been acknowledged fruitfully without any unfairness. Regarding data protection, one must make sure that his data is kept safe, protected and secure as well as not revealed towards unauthorised individuals who conducting the research. Furthermore, data protection secures and protects data and information from loss via recovery alongside backup. Data privacy has been related towards controlling the accessibility towards the data and indicating in what ways the data has been shared, gathered and utilised (Ahmed et al., 2021).
Data privacy refers to the capacity of an individual to identify concerning themselves how, when alongside to what extent self-data and information regarding them has been shared with or interacted towards other persons. In addition, data privacy is the self-information of a person. The objectives of informed consent are that the human participants could freely enter the research with entire information regarding what it means for them to participate as well as they give entire consent prior towards entering the research.
There has been a need for further research to understand what has been probable along advantageous in the upcoming days along with what strategies, actions along events result towards such futures. There have been certain areas in the research which need to be explored and discussed for the benefit of the research study in this reaserch. The future research has been regarding usefulness at opening the minds along with planning for looking for the latest probabilities. In addition, by forecasting the future, one could possess more time to act upon the scopes, opportunities along threats. Furthermore, future research could assist a researcher in understanding what he knows but should know in making effective decisions in the present times. To generate more knowledge and talent further research is required to facilitate the community in huge numbers in various ways to develop the living standards of human beings as such (Denisoff, 2020). Here, further research has been conducted to compare the gold in Southeast Asia with that of the United States of America as a whole. This research writing would ultimately lead towards findings which one do not estimate from the beginning. Moreover, this can be valuable in regards to making future research recommendations since they lead towards overall latest possibilities at inventing the future learnings as well.
Abdurashidovich, U.A., (2020). Prospects for the development of small-scale gold mining in developing countries. Prospects, 4(6), pp.38-42.
Abraham, S.A., 2021. A review of selected glass bead types from the 2007–2009 seasons of excavation at Pattanam, India. Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections , pp.345-359.
Ahad, M.A., Parry, Y.K. and Willis, E., 2021. The prevalence and impact of maltreatment of child laborers in the context of four South Asian countries: A scoping review. Child Abuse & Neglect , 117 , p.105052.
Ahmed, F., Syed, A.A., Kamal, M.A., de las Nieves López-García, M., Ramos-Requena, J.P. and Gupta, S., (2021). Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the stock and commodity markets performance and sustainability: A comparative analysis of South Asian countries. Sustainability, 13(10), p.5669.
Aleluia, J., Tharakan, P., Chikkatur, A.P., Shrimali, G. and Chen, X., 2022. Accelerating a clean energy transition in Southeast Asia: Role of governments and public policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, p.112226.
Amin, S.E., Haq, N.U., Haider, S., Shaukat, M.F., Arif, A., Fareed, A., Arslan, K., Abid, M. and Qammer, S., 2021. Emergence and transboundry spread of lumpy skin disease in South Asian Countries: a review. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science, 18(9), pp.517-545.
Bjornlund, V., Bjornlund, H. and Van Rooyen, A.F., 2020. Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world–a historical perspective. International Journal of Water Resources Development , 36 (sup1), pp.S20-S53.
Cairncross, K.H. and Tadie, M., 2022. Life cycle assessment as a design consideration for process development for value recovery from gold mine tailings. Minerals Engineering, 183, p.107588.
Cameron, S., 2023. Australian Strategic Cooperation in Southeast Asia: Challenges and Opportunities.
CARNAJE, D.C., DALAINE, M.M., REBENQUE, T., DAVE, J., LIRIO, C. and ANTONIO, G., 2023. Antimicrobial Activities of Mangrove Species in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review. Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences/Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia , 21 (2).
Carter, V.M., (2024). From chart-topper to gold record: The effects of Billboard chart popularity on RIAA gold or platinum certification of# 1 R&B/Hip-Hop singles in the Pre-SoundScan and SoundScan eras, 1977–2008. Poetics, 102, p.101858.
Chen, H.L., Selvam, S.B., Ting, K.N. and Gibbins, C.N., 2021. Microplastic pollution in freshwater systems in Southeast Asia: contamination levels, sources, and ecological impacts. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 28 (39), pp.54222-54237.
Chen, S., Woodcock, C., Dong, L., Tarrio, K., Mohammadi, D. and Olofsson, P., 2023. Review of drivers of forest degradation and deforestation in Southeast Asia. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment , p.101129.
Cheng, Y., Watari, T., Seccatore, J., Nakajima, K., Nansai, K. and Takaoka, M., 2023. A review of gold production, mercury consumption, and emission in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). Resources Policy , 81 , p.103370.
Chua, A.Q., Verma, M., Hsu, L.Y. and Legido-Quigley, H., 2021. An analysis of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia using a governance framework approach. The Lancet Regional Health–Western Pacific , 7 .
Dar, A.B., Bhanja, N. and Paul, M., 2019. Do gold mining stocks behave like gold or equities? Evidence from the UK and the US. International Review of Economics & Finance, 59, pp.369-384.
Denisoff, R.S., (2020). Solid Gold: Popular Record Industry. Routledge.
Douine, M., Lambert, Y., Musset, L., Hiwat, H., Blume, L.R., Marchesini, P., Moresco, G.G., Cox, H., Sanchez, J.F., Villegas, L. and De Santi, V.P., 2020. Malaria in gold miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: current knowledge and challenges. Current Tropical Medicine Reports , 7 (2), pp.37-47.
Eichenberger, R.M., Thomas, L.F., Gabriël, S., Bobić, B., Devleesschauwer, B., Robertson, L.J., Saratsis, A., Torgerson, P.R., Braae, U.C., Dermauw, V. and Dorny, P., 2020. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia. Parasites & vectors , 13 , pp.1-11.
Fabinyi, M., Belton, B., Dressler, W.H., Knudsen, M., Adhuri, D.S., Aziz, A.A., Akber, M.A., Kittitornkool, J., Kongkaew, C., Marschke, M. and Pido, M., 2022. Coastal transitions: Small-scale fisheries, livelihoods, and maritime zone developments in Southeast Asia. Journal of Rural Studies , 91 , pp.184-194.
Farjana, S.H., Huda, N., Mahmud, M.P. and Saidur, R., 2019. A review on the impact of mining and mineral processing industries through life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production , 231 , pp.1200-1217.
Fettig, C.J., Mortenson, L.A., Bulaon, B.M. and Foulk, P.B., 2019. Tree mortality following drought in the central and southern Sierra Nevada, California, US. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, pp.164-178.
Fleming, G., Liu, Z., Merrett, D. and Ville, S., 2023. Share ownership and the introduction of no liability legislation in nineteenth-century Australia. Business History, pp.1-26.
G’afurovich, K.O., Abdurashidovich, U.A. and Ogli, B.A.O., (2020). Small Torch Progress In Prospects Gold Mining In Improving Countries. The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research, 2(09), pp.65-72.
Gadzanku, S., Beshilas, L. and Grunwald, U.B., 2021. Enabling Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FPV) Deployment: Review of Barriers to FPV Deployment in Southeast Asia.
Gao, P., Mohd Noor, N.Q.I. and Md. Shaarani, S., 2022. Current status of food safety hazards and health risks connected with aquatic food products from Southeast Asian region. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 62(13), pp.3471-3489.
Ghimire, K., Mishra, S.R., Satheesh, G., Neupane, D., Sharma, A., Panda, R., Kallestrup, P. and Mclachlan, C.S., 2021. Salt intake and salt‐reduction strategies in South Asia: From evidence to action. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension , 23 (10), pp.1815-1829.
Hairan, M.H., Jamil, N.R., Looi, L.J. and Azmai, M.N.A., 2021. The assessment of environmental flow status in Southeast Asian Rivers: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, p.126411.
Higham, C.F. and Cawte, H., 2021. Bronze metallurgy in Southeast Asia with particular reference to northeast Thailand. Journal of World Prehistory, 34, pp.1-46.
Iliodromiti, S., McLaren, J., Ghouri, N., Miller, M.R., Dahlqvist Leinhard, O., Linge, J., Ballantyne, S., Platt, J., Foster, J., Hanvey, S. and Gujral, U.P., 2023. Liver, visceral and subcutaneous fat in men and women of South Asian and white European descent: a systematic review and meta-analysis of new and published data. Diabetologia , 66 (1), pp.44-56.
Islam, M.M., Jannat, A., Al Rafi, D.A. and Aruga, K., 2020. Potential economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on South Asian economies: A review. World, 1(3), pp.283-299.
Jamaluddin, F., Saibani, N., Mohd Pisal, S.M., Wahab, D.A., Hishamuddin, H., Sajuri, Z. and Khalid, R.M., 2022. End-of-Life Vehicle Management Systems in Major Automotive Production Bases in Southeast Asia: A Review. Sustainability , 14 (21), p.14317.
Kerdsin, A., Segura, M., Fittipaldi, N. and Gottschalk, M., 2022. Sociocultural factors influencing human Streptococcus suis disease in Southeast Asia. Foods , 11 (9), p.1190.
Kranz, C.N., McLaughlin, R.A., Johnson, A., Miller, G. and Heitman, J.L., 2020. The effects of compost incorporation on soil physical properties in urban soils–A concise review. Journal of Environmental Management, 261, p.110209.
Kumarasamy, G., Mohd Salim, N.H., Mohd Afandi, N.S., Hazlami Habib, M.A., Mat Amin, N.D., Ismail, M.N. and Musa, M., 2023. Glycoproteomics-based liquid biopsy: translational outlook for colorectal cancer clinical management in Southeast Asia. Future Oncology , 19 (34), pp.2313-2332.
Kyaw, W.T. and Sakakibara, M., 2022. Transdisciplinary Communities of Practice to Resolve Health Problems in Southeast Asian Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 19 (9), p.5422.
Lai, F., Zhou, J., Lu, L., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Yuan, Y., 2023. Green building technologies in Southeast Asia: A review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 55, p.102946.
Lamb, W.F., Wiedmann, T., Pongratz, J., Andrew, R., Crippa, M., Olivier, J.G., Wiedenhofer, D., Mattioli, G., Al Khourdajie, A., House, J. and Pachauri, S., 2021. A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environmental research letters, 16(7), p.073005.
Li, Y., Chen, L., Liang, S., Qi, J., Zhou, H., Feng, C., Yang, X., Wu, X., Mi, Z. and Yang, Z., 2020. Spatially explicit global hotspots driving China’s mercury related health impacts. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(22), pp.14547-14557.
Libassi, M., (2020). Mining heterogeneity: diverse labour arrangements in an Indonesian informal gold economy. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(3), pp.1036-1045.
Lim, M.Y., Kamaruzaman, H.F., Wu, O. and Geue, C., 2023. Health financing challenges in Southeast Asian countries for universal health coverage: a systematic review. Archives of Public Health , 81 (1), p.148.
Lin, H.I., Yu, Y.Y., Wen, F.I. and Liu, P.T., 2022. Status of food security in East and Southeast Asia and challenges of climate change. Climate, 10(3), p.40.
Londoño, N.A.C., Velásquez, H.I. and McIntyre, N., 2019. Comparing the environmental sustainability of two gold production methods using integrated Emergy and Life Cycle Assessment. Ecological Indicators , 107 , p.105600.
Lum, T.G., 2019. China's assistance and government-sponsored investment activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia . Congressional Research Service.
Lwin, H.N.N., Punnakitikashem, P. and Thananusak, T., 2023. E-Health Research in Southeast Asia: A Bibliometric Review. Sustainability , 15 (3), p.2559.
Makrides, A., Vrontis, D. and Christofi, M., 2020. The gold rush of digital marketing: assessing prospects of building brand awareness overseas. Business Perspectives and Research , 8 (1), pp.4-20.
Makul, N., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Zeyad, A.M., de Azevedo, A.R.G., Klyuev, S., Vatin, N. and Karelina, M., 2021. Capacity to develop recycled aggregate concrete in South East Asia. Buildings, 11(6), p.234.
Marrugo-Madrid, S., Pinedo-Hernández, J., Paternina-Uribe, R., Marrugo-Negrete, J. and Díez, S., 2022. Health risk assessment for human exposure to mercury species and arsenic via consumption of local food in a gold mining area in Colombia. Environmental research, 215, p.113950.
Meutia, A.A., Lumowa, R. and Sakakibara, M., 2022. Indonesian artisanal and small-scale gold mining—a narrative literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 19 (7), p.3955.
Meyer, J., 2023. Tribute and Trade: An Overview of Economic Relations between China and Southeast Asia During the Song and Ming Dynasty.
Mohd Nizam, S.N., Haji Baharudin, N.S. and Ahmad, H., 2023. Application of pesticide in paddy fields: a Southeast Asia case study review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health , 45 (8), pp.5557-5577.
Najeeb, F., Morales, M. and Lopez-Acevedo, G., 2020. Analyzing female employment trends in South Asia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (9157).
Ng, C.K.C. and Ong, R.C., 2022. A review of anthropogenic interaction and impact characteristics of the Sundaic mangroves in Southeast Asia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 267 , p.107759.
Nguyen, N., 2021. A review of social license to operate in Southeast Asian mining. The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(2), p.100841.
Nguyen, N., 2021. A review of social license to operate in Southeast Asian mining. The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(2), p.100841.
Orchiston, W. and Vahia, M.N. eds., 2021. Exploring the History of Southeast Asian Astronomy: A Review of Current Projects and Future Prospects and Possibilities.
Orimoloye, I.R. and Ololade, O.O., 2020. Potential implications of gold-mining activities on some environmental components: a global assessment (1990 to 2018). Journal of king saud university-science, 32(4), pp.2432-2438.
Owolabi, I.O., Kolawole, O., Jantarabut, P., Elliott, C.T. and Petchkongkaew, A., 2022. The importance and mitigation of mycotoxins and plant toxins in Southeast Asian fermented foods. npj Science of Food , 6 (1), p.39.
Pang, Q., Gu, J., Wang, H. and Zhang, Y., 2022. Global health impact of atmospheric mercury emissions from artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Iscience, 25(9).
Pathak, S. and Sharma, B., 2022. Artificial Intelligence for Improving Employee Engagement in South Asian Banking Industry: A Systematic Literature Review. NeuroQuantology , 20 (15), p.17.
Peramaiyan, P., Craufurd, P., Kumar, V., Seelan, L.P., McDonald, A.J., Kishore, A. and Singh, S., 2022. Agronomic biofortification of zinc in rice for diminishing malnutrition in South Asia. Sustainability , 14 (13), p.7747.
Poetranto, I., Lau, J. and Gold, J., 2021. Look south: challenges and opportunities for the ‘rules of the road’for cyberspace in ASEAN and the AU. Journal of Cyber Policy , 6 (3), pp.318-339.
Praveena, S.M. and Aris, A.Z., 2021. The impacts of COVID-19 on the environmental sustainability: a perspective from the Southeast Asian region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp.1-8.
Ruiz, V., (2020). Dead Ends or Gold Mines?: Using Missionary Records in Mexican-American Women’s History. In Latina Issues (pp. 55-78). Routledge.
Shaler, A., 2020. Indigenous peoples and the California gold rush: labour, violence and contention in the formation of a settler colonial state. Postcolonial Studies, 23(1), pp.79-98.
Shaler, A., 2020. Indigenous peoples and the California gold rush: labour, violence and contention in the formation of a settler colonial state. Postcolonial Studies, 23(1), pp.79-98.
Shambaugh, D., (2020). Where Great Powers Meet: America & China in Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press.
Soe, P.S., Kyaw, W.T., Arizono, K., Ishibashi, Y. and Agusa, T., 2022. Mercury pollution from artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Myanmar and other southeast asian countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), p.6290.
Sujata, D. and Nandkumar, K., 2021. 21st Century prospects of gold biomining in India-A review. Journal of Applied Geochemistry , 23 (4), pp.261-275.
Thorhaug, A., Gallagher, J.B., Kiswara, W., Prathep, A., Huang, X., Yap, T.K., Dorward, S. and Berlyn, G., 2020. Coastal and estuarine blue carbon stocks in the greater Southeast Asia region: seagrasses and mangroves per nation and sum of total. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, p.111168.
Timsina, S., Hardy, N.G., Woodbury, D.J., Ashton, M.S., Cook‐Patton, S.C., Pasternack, R. and Martin, M.P., 2022. Tropical surface gold mining: A review of ecological impacts and restoration strategies. Land Degradation & Development , 33 (18), pp.3661-3674.
Tolentino, P.J., Navidad, J.R.L., Angeles, M.D., Fernandez, D.A.P., Villanueva, E.L.C., Obeña, R.D.R. and BUOT JR, I.E., 2020. Biodiversity of forests over limestone in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(4).
Ullah, A., Nawaz, A., Farooq, M. and Siddique, K.H., 2021. Agricultural innovation and sustainable development: A case study of rice–wheat cropping systems in South Asia. Sustainability, 13(4), p.1965.
Uning, R., Latif, M.T., Othman, M., Juneng, L., Mohd Hanif, N., Nadzir, M.S.M., Abdul Maulud, K.N., Jaafar, W.S.W.M., Said, N.F.S., Ahamad, F. and Takriff, M.S., 2020. A review of Southeast Asian oil palm and Its CO2 fluxes. Sustainability, 12(12), p.5077.
Verbrugge, B. and Geenen, S., 2019. The gold commodity frontier: A fresh perspective on change and diversity in the global gold mining economy. The Extractive Industries and Society , 6 (2), pp.413-423.
Verbrugge, B. and Geenen, S., 2019. The gold commodity frontier: A fresh perspective on change and diversity in the global gold mining economy. The Extractive Industries and Society, 6(2), pp.413-423.
Verbrugge, B., Lanzano, C. and Libassi, M., 2021. The cyanide revolution: Efficiency gains and exclusion in artisanal-and small-scale gold mining. Geoforum, 126, pp.267-276.
Wireko-Gyebi, R.S., Asibey, M.O. and Baah-Ennumh, T.Y., 2022. Planning for the effective and sustainable management of Ghana’s artisanal small-scale gold mining industry. Resources Policy, 76, p.102576.
Yakubchuk, A., 2023. Russian gold mining: 1991 to 2021 and beyond. Ore Geology Reviews , p.105287.
Yeoh, B.S., 2020. The global cultural city? Spatial imagineering and politics in the (multi) cultural marketplaces of South-east Asia. Culture-Led Urban Regeneration, pp.102-115.
Zain, S.M.S.M., Latif, M.T., Baharudin, N.H., Anual, Z.F., Hanif, N.M. and Khan, M.F., 2021. Atmospheric PCDDs/PCDFs levels and occurrences in Southeast Asia: A review. Science of The Total Environment , 783 , p.146929.
Zhang, L., Jiang, T., Guo, X.Y., Tian, Q.H., Zhong, S.P., Dong, L., Qin, H., Liu, Z.W. and Makuza, B., 2023. Sustainable processing of gold cyanide tailings: Reduction roasting, mechanical activation, non-cyanide leaching, and magnetic separation. Hydrometallurgy , 217 , p.106028.
You Might Also Like:-
BSB40420 Certificate IV in Human Resource Management
What is All But Dissertation and How Does it Affect Graduate Students?
Get 24x7 instant assistance whenever you need.
Get affordable prices for your every assignment.
Assure you to deliver the assignment before the deadline
Get Plagiarism and AI content free Assignment
Get direct communication with experts immediately.
Get
500 Words Free
on your assignment today
It's Time To Find The Right Expert to Prepare Your Assignment!
Do not let assignment submission deadlines stress you out. Explore our professional assignment writing services with competitive rates today!
Secure Your Assignment!
+61 435 881 621