Introduction

This review of the literature is about autism. Autism also named an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a nervous and growing disorder. Autism is linked to brain development which can impact how a person perceives and socialize with others. People have trouble communicating and understanding what others think and feel in this condition. People with autism struggle to express themselves through words, gestures, touch, and facial expressions. Those who are suffering from autism might have learning problems. Also, their skills might develop erratically. Autism is also known as a "spectrum disorder" because of the wide variety in the type and severity of symptoms. It can be diagnosed in people of all gender, races, and economic background (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). Early childhood characteristics of autism can be detected, but autism is often not diagnosed until much later. ASR might begin before three years and can last throughout a person's life; after getting appropriate treatment, symptoms may improve over time.

Many factors can cause ASD, including ecological, natural, and hereditary factors (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). A report by the Australian Survey of Disability, Ageing, and Carers (SDAC), 2015, states a 42% increase in autism from 2012. Autism is the most dominant among children aged 5 to 14 in 2017 (Jones et al., 2021). Cumins et al (2020) reported that autism is a lifelong condition, and appropriate support and services are also needed for adults and children having autism. According to the World Health Organization (2022) report, about one in 100 children has autism worldwide. Autism disorder has a wide diversity of disorders of variable severity. The primary one includes autistic disorder is also known as classic autism; there are significant language delays, a person has difficulties in learning and therefore experiences communication and social challenges. Asperger syndrome, a form of autism includes symptoms which are milder than autistic disorder; there is no language problem. However, person has a problem in understanding humor or figure of speech. Pervasive development disorder- also known as atypical autism, symptoms may be minor and lesser, but there may be communal and interaction challenges (News Medical and Life Sciences, 2022). The present review investigates the, epidemiology of the condition, description of neuropathy and common neuropsychological/psychological deficits, management, intervention, and rehabilitation of the condition associated with autism.. In this assignment different therapies that can help children and adults with autism and how these therapies affect mental health are discussed, with identification of strength and limitations of theories, key ethical principles of theories and their gaps in literature about the knowledge regarding assessment and intervention to indigenous people or another group. The study give an explicit discussion on the implementation for resilience or sustainability or promotion of wellbeing. In the end the conclusion and lay summary states the major findings and outcomes of the study.

Body

Epidemiology: The cases of autism have risen in recent years. The Centre for Disease Control in 2021 announced that the autism rate in Australia is one of the countries with the lowest autism rates of 72.6 per 10,000 people, or 1 in 138 people, and 72.6 cases per 10,000. There were 88.20 cases per 10,000 children in Australia (World Population Review, 2022). Bailey et al (2020) identified 1457 potentially relevant publications of reviewed research involving indigenous Australia’s with autism, and concluded that the finding suggests the similar prevalence rate for autism among the indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, study reported that some of the indigenous people did not get diagnosed or misdiagnosed.

Methodological and quantitative sources of data cause the difficulty in choosing specific surveillance policy about the count of autism cases. The strategies to be adopted is a person-centered approach, which highlights attending to people and their families about their strong points and requirements (Geoghegan et al., 2020).

Neuropathology: The cerebellum comprises the most significant number of neurons and synapses of any structure in the central nervous system. The cerebellum processing capacity is essential for motor activity, coordination, and higher cognitive functions. Cerebellum shortfalls have been concerned with autism for more than two decades. It has been revealed post-mortem that neuropathy logical abnormalities in cerebellum cellular architecture contribute to the autistic phenotype (Fetit et al., 2021). There are different degrees of autism associated with disability, including poor motor skills, delayed speech, repetitive behavior, difficulty with reasoning, and impairment in social interaction and communication. (World Population Review, 2022).

Neuropsychological deficits: Neuro-psychological assessment includes assessing intelligence, consideration, decision making, and verbal and motor operations. The varied clinical presentation in individuals with autism makes clarifying results difficult. Such evaluations describe areas of solid and weak points, update differential diagnoses, guide treatment planning, and assess change over time (Braconnier et al., 2021).

Management: The management of autism reduces the symptoms that interfere with daily functioning and the quality of the office. Autism affects every person. Differently, each person has different treatment needs. Management of autism can be given in education, health, community, or home settings. Management aims to mark core behaviors, recover social connections and communication, and decrease troublesome behavior. The primary objectives of surveillance are to exploit the children's eventual practical individuality and excellence in lifespan by reducing the essential structures of (ASD). Despite developments in initial diagnosis and involvement, no therapy has been proven to inverse the vital symptoms of autism ultimately. For managing autism, a team including health care professionals like child psychiatrists, occupational and behavioral therapists, developmental pediatricians, psychologists, and social workers are needed (Simashkova et al., 2019).

Intervention: Autistic disorder is mainly diagnosed at a very young age; early diagnosis helps to reduce the symptoms. The vulnerable group includes children who have family members with some forms of ASD, children born to elderly patients and with low weight and those with genetic diseases. The family of a child having autism need to act more cautiously, as it may be challenging to bring up a kid with autism. A child with autism need special care; a playful form of interaction with such children is advisable (Al-Ayadhi et al., 2021). Early autistic intervention is one of the best ways for the child's provision when diagnosed with autism. The early autistic intervention aims to help children with autism acquire the skills they are supposed to gain generally at their respective age; because of advanced diagnostic criteria, it becomes possible to diagnose autism within two years of age. Sometimes children with autism may also require physical therapy, professional therapy, language therapy, communal skill therapy, and other methods of medical treatment. Along with medical treatment, some non-medical treatments like dietary and nutritional are also beneficial for people having autism (Grzadzinski et al., 2021).

Rehabilitation of concept- Rehabilitation overwhelmed the challenges of their condition and led eloquent, creative lives. Rehabilitation therapy is applied behavior analysis (ABA); the therapist works closely with the family of adults and children with autism. (Dhamodharan et al.,2020). Autism Rehabilitation therapists are helpful for adults and children having autism who requires therapy and are accountable for developing and using treatment programs for people with autism. Therapists use applied behavior analysis to inspire autistic people to grow speech and social skills and help them get involved in their physical capabilities and interaction with people. Based on severity, the treatment of autism can be complicated and discouraging sometimes, but in most cases, rehabilitation therapy has been proven helpful (Dhamodharan et al.,2020).

Communication Therapies for Children and Adults Having Autism

For people, mainly children with autism, behavior therapy (ABA) is the best fundamental medical intervention; autism behavior therapy helps to grow the skills and methods to support a child's upgrading in socializing and learning. Behavioral therapy is created on applied behavior analysis (ABA); it tracks the child's development by educating their mental development and skills. Various types of ABA are implicated in treating autism (NIH, 2021). Positive behavioral and support (PBS) theory, teaches skills and manages to change the environment to make the required changes in the child's behavior. PBS aims to discover why the child is behaving differently and motivate the child to act appropriately whereas pivotal response training (PRT) focuses on the improvement of the communication skills of the child and goals to motivate the child to develop critical skills. In early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) more time commitment is required, it provides behavioral instructions in small groups to very young children while in Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT) the feedback is given to the children for their activities by the teacher (NIH, 2021).

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) – CBT can also be a treatment option for children with autism. It is a short-term and problem-focused approach to educating the child about a situation where they must change how to react. Psychoeducation is the main driving force for CBT. It also aims to teach the parents of children with autism to learn to manage the child in difficult situations. Adults with autistic have a higher rate of anxiety and depression; CBT seems to be beneficiary for handling stress and depression in autistic adults. The literature review focuses on cognitive behavior therapy; CBT is currently assumed to be psychotherapy's gold standard because of its entrenched evidence based treatment for anxiety and depression in adults with autism (David et al., 2018). Maddox et al (2019) concluded that most clinicians did not report a firm intention to prefer CBT for autistic adults suffering from anxiety and depression. In the study done by Cooper et al. (2018), it was stated after a survey that 50 therapists are confident to work with CBT for adults having autism; the limitation of the study was that the participants in the survey were engaged through a training workshop and did not test which factor affects the therapist aim to use CBT (David et al., 2018).

Ethical principles: Therapists delivering these psychotherapies must consider ethical issues like involving the patient with autism and family members in honest discussion, making them aware of the risk, benefits, and outcomes of the therapy. Concern and consent of the patient are required before starting the treatment; this will help the patient to make a rightly knowledgeable conclusion (Stoll et al., 2020).

Gaps in literature for Indigenous people: Mental illness is a significant problem for the Indigenous people, and their gap in knowledge about the treatment has become the reason for severe cases. In Australia, for Indigenous people, the mental health and welfare part rotates around the all-inclusive concepts of communal and expressive well-being. Indigenous people are needed to be educated and trained about mental health and psychological therapies to decrease the load of mental health problems in Indigenous people in Australia (Titov et al., 2018). Health disparities like biological, behavioural, and environmental factors that’s can affect heath are one of the important principal in the development of health advancement and disease prevention, these things are need to be focused to implement the better heath support for both indigenous and non-indigenous population (National Library of Medicine, 2017). The ‘Theory of Mind” is on the psychological model that suggests that people with autism spectrum disorder have to face trouble in understanding the mind of other people, their feelings, opinions and views. This model links both to pioneer helps, such as joint attention and feeling acknowledgement, helps the patient to recognize figurative language and in making friends (Ilzarbe et al., 2022).

Implementation for Resilience or sustainability or Promotion of well-being

Encouraging well-being is significant impartiality at the national and international levels, including the health of individuals, culture, and the natural world. The school has an essential role in scheming civilization's future; the school needs to make programs that can encourage well-being. Cognitive behavioral therapy may embellish behavioral change and can be applied in numerous strategies to make the justifiable change. Sharing positive information, education, and awareness among indigenous people about mental health and therapies can help promote well-being and reduce cases of autism and other mental health disorders. (National Library of Medicine, 2020).

Conclusion

The review concluded that as soon as the child gets diagnosed with autism, treatment should be implemented as quickly, both medical and non-medical. Nutritional support is required to maintain the child's health; parents of the child with autism need to help the child learn new skills and get more socially active. Autism is affecting millions of people worldwide, and strategies to encourage awareness about the cause and treatment of autism are needed. Different therapies are helpful for children and adults having autism; cognitive behavior therapy is reported with the best possible evidence-based results. A treatment scenario for depression must comprise perceptions of Indigenous autonomy, individuality, and welfare. Additionally, treatment methods must include Indigenous social and expressive well-being concepts and clinical treatment approaches.

Lay Summary

The review can be summarised as the education and awareness policies that need to be implicated in making the indigenous people and average population aware of mental health and the role of communication theories like autism, behavior therapy, and its types also cognitive behavioral therapy. The role of nurses is important in autism, nurses need to instruct the family members of the person with autism on the several features of autism and autistic disorder, symptoms, treatment options and possible outcomes of treatment. Initial, timely, and correct documentation and diagnosis need to be provided for aboriginal’s people to safeguarding that autistic people in indigenous group can receive convenient provision services. For aboriginal families, the lack of availability of analytic services remains a considerable barrier to care. Research should continue working on cognitive behavior therapy's positive and negative aspects.

References

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