The overall goal of the review by the author J Young is to ensure a comprehensive understanding is provided, along with the main provisions, relevance, and a critical summary. Young examines the consequences of the globalization of the economy and the culture, highlighting the growth of discontent and the conflict within and beyond the First World. The exacerbation of Globalization in the relative hardship and identity crises combined is perceived to be unjust, full of humiliation, and frightening, resulting in transgressed and not utilitarian behavior. Tension is also felt among the better fortunate due to anxieties about their identity, status, and the amount of sacrifices required in their everyday lives. The punishments become spiteful rather than rational and useful. Therefore, criminal violence, war, and terrorist violence have comparable etiologies and features.
The author tries to construct a cultural criminology that contextualizes the transgression, and criticizes the vapid rationalistic character of current neoliberal discourses, along with the reformulation of Mertonian conceptions of anomie in the context of energy, anger, and tension. Herein, the author talked discussed to cross and blur the boundaries in the late modernity. The author proposes that such a breakdown of the demarcations is not just indicative of the times that are lived in of the economic and cultural globalization, but are geographical, social, and moral overlaps that serve as the main strategy to shift the features of crimes and punishments. Furthermore, there are striking connections amid the mechanics of crime and the urge of punishment, along with the closure of parallels between the brutalities in connection with the ordinary criminality and the violence of war and terrorism.
The author further focuses on the late modernity despises separation while eagerly erecting boundaries. Globalization necessarily implies the transgression of the globe brought closer together and cultural differences diminishing, wherein the boundaries are violated on a daily basis by labor mobility, along with the mass media’s pervasive penetration. The majority's ideals define the minority's normative existence and fuel the bulimia that propels their unhappiness. The underclass's likeness, indeed its over-identification with materialism and hedonism, positions it virtually as an unintentional target for the included contempt. Every aspect of their behavior mocks the included everyday limitations. However, there is a fascination with dislike and dread here. Furthermore, the underclass culture compensating for masculinity tends to resort
towards violence and unbridled individualism. This is throughout the accentuations of the larger culture that subsequently impact the movies, fashion, and music.
The author has initiated the discussion primarily with the blurring of binary vision which is considered the main path towards the dynamics of antagonisms in the society of the rich and poor. This is correct and should be the goal and priority of every progressive program. However, framing the issue in a binary manner seems to obscure the challenge, and the social exclusion’s main idea is to incongruously exaggerate the degree of exclusion by the interpretation of the intensity of the situation. In such contrast, the concept includes a danger of social exclusion wherein this conveys the actors’ opinion of being included or excluded — to be on either side of the queue as this ignores the main fact that problems have a higher probability to occur on both sides of the queue. This is regardless of the clustered quantity in one area rather than another. To be more subtle, there is the concealment of the fact that the normalcy of the majority has deep problems.
Secondly, the precariousness of inclusion is the meritocratic view of distributive justice is one in which rewards are distributed based on merit. The fairness of recognition follows wherein the requirements are the people's sense of identity and social value should be recognized by others. When the first is broken, it is referred to as relative deprivation, and in violation of the second, there is a reference to the misrecognition and ontological insecurity. Therefore, the unraveling of labor markets along with the lottery to search for themselves in every sector, and the growth of the service industries that included the diverse and disparate units. Furthermore, there have been many uncertainties about the significant impact on both crime and punishment. When combined with misrecognition and disparagement, the relative deprivation can lead to criminality. One of the domestic examples is that the group's economic marginalization followed by the police harassment. In similar terms, the projecting images of cultural globalization are for the good life, economic success, pleasures of consumption and lifestyle, along with the relative longevity of life. On the contrary, economic globalization exposes the globe in the form of a marketplace, resulting in economic insecurity and subordination in many cases. This setting is ideal for worldwide relative deprivation just as cultural domination necessitates the creation of counter-images based on tradition and essentialization.
Thirdly, the author emphasizes the dual forces of economic and cultural globalization that have a significant impact both nationally and worldwide. Although the size and extent of economic globalization are contested, the influence is global. He further proposes that the unhappiness caused by material and ontological uncertainty brought about by globalization had strong analogies on both a home and global scale. Therefore, such discontents clash and aggravate one another including widening income disparities, cultural globalization and relative deprivation, globalization and identity crisis, and the relative deprivation and the ontological insecurity.
Young has willingly engrossed in the sociology of vindictiveness on the disproportionality, scapegoating, and stereotyping to be the major characteristics of such animosity. It is the selected group that shall be considered to contribute to societal issues much in excess of their real influence and are condemned and portrayed as significant participants in the production of social problems. Their portrayal is in a very stereotyped manner that bears little resemblance to reality. This is not caused by the chance of the underclass’s stereotype, including idleness, dependency, hedonism, and institutionalized irresponsibility, but by the use of drugs, pregnancies in teens, and irresponsibility. This seems to represent the characteristics that respectable citizens suppress for the maintenance of their lifestyle.
The author has also witnessed the included attitude towards the poor is beyond expectations and needs to be considered rather than just the meritocratic desire for guaranteeing the benefits that are distributed properly and the labor shall not be willfully evaded. The argument for control has a vituperative character attached to it. Similarly, the punitive approach in terms of crime has vindictiveness going beyond the neoclassical ideas of justified retribution. Thereafter, underclass criminality has no mere utilitarian event that involves the theft of money, property, food, alcohol, or drugs—though every such aspect is certainly part of the reason. However, violence is neither a simple tool to persuade individuals to part with the money nor a management strategy within the corporate world of organized crimes. Therefore, drugs and their usage are not considered to be a mundane matter of poor people's pleasures that the alternate psychedelic experience to gin and tonic or light and relevant after a long day at work.
Lastly, Young discussed the humiliation of exclusion and elaborated the crime as an alternate path to the American Dream, so that the citizen is deprived of the legitimate possibilities and surrounded by illegitimate opportunities, criminal activity seemed as natural as going to work. On the contrary, the author contended that marginalization also has an influence. The shame
leading to the transgression quality of much crime does not matter the utilitarian foundation. Therefore, such transgression implies that, while the crime may be a substitute for employment, this is seldom similar to the work.
Throughout the research, Young seems to become critical with the rise of the accounts of the process wherein the social exclusion had been presented in the form of a hydraulic process. This has the rising tides of inclusion and felt short in considering the destitute and did not refer to the dynamics of the social antagonism and conflicts. Furthermore, Young believed such division was generally constituted to be binary of inclusion and exclusion, with the excluded being in a geographically segregated and socially and morally different territory. Therefore, Young compared the inclusive society of the period between 1950 and 1960 to the more restrictive social order of the late modernity in the latter part of the twentieth century and the upcoming generations.
Young has critically discussed the phenomenological and etiological parallels between criminal violence and governmental violence. Young noticed the parallels between the essentialization and dehumanization allowing street violence, raging of wars, and anti-terrorism efforts. Young has argued against the usage of binaries, as well as the present discourse on social exclusion. This makes a special comparison of an included citizen who seems to be comfortable, secure, and ontologically assured with a member of the underclass to have been excluded, lacking such previously mentioned qualities. Therefore, Young has criticized the concept of the dual city wherein no borders are crossed and each side of the binary occupies independent moral realms.
Young, J. (2003). Merton with Energy, Katz with Structure: The sociology of vindictiveness and the criminology of transgression. Theoretical Criminology, 7(3): 389-414.
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